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. 2019 Jan 15;9:1834. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01834

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Copyright © 2019 Chidi-Ogbolu and Baar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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High estrogen decreasing engineered ligament stiffness due to inhibition of lysyl oxidase. (A) Collagen content, (B) tangent modulus, and (C) lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity in ligaments engineered from human ACL cells isolated from women following 24 or 48 h of treatment of the constructs with physiologically high (500 pg/ml) of estrogen. Note that even though there is a slight rise in collagen, the stiffness of the grafts decreases concomitant with an increase in estrogen in the media. *indicates different than control (p < 0.05), whereas ^†indicates different than 24 h (p < 0.05). Adapted from Lee C. A. et al. (2015).