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. 2019 Jan 21;14:5. doi: 10.1186/s13024-019-0306-8

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Indicative biomarkers for dementia with Lewy bodies. A. N-ωfluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy- 3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (123I-FP-CIT SPECT) single photon emission tomography (SPECT). Axial images from FP-CIT SPECT at the level of the striatum. Grade 0 – normal uptake in left and right striatum. Grade 1 – unilateral decreased uptake in putamen [42]. Grade 2: bilateral uptake in putamen. Grade 3: virtually absent uptake bilaterally in the caudate and putamen. Balanced bilateral loss in the caudate and putamen is often seen in DLB, which does not fit easily into any Benamer scale category. B. Cardiac Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG SPECT) Imaging. The top image is normal, with a clear cardiac outline visible (arrow, HMR=3.14). The bottom image is abnormal with no visible cardiac outline (HMR=1.03). C. Polysomnography (PSG) recording demonstrating episodes of REM sleep without atonia on electro-oculogram (EOG) measuring eye movements, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) measuring chin movement. With thanks to Dr Sean Colloby (a), Ms Gemma Roberts (b) and Dr Kirstie Anderson (c)