Table 2. Differences in Reported Dietary Intake and Physical Activitya by Zip Code–Level Rural–Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Codes, Study of Rural–Urban Differences in Baseline Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Levels Among Adolescents, ACTION PAC Cluster-Randomized Trial.
| Variable | Unadjusted Results |
Adjusted Results |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (SE) | Zip Code–Level RUCA Codeb |
LL Testc (P Value) | Intercept (SE) | Zip Code–Level RUCA Codeb |
Annual Household Income <$20,000 (SE) | Parent Education |
Hispanic (SE) | LL Testc (P Value) | ||||
| 2.0 (SE) | 2.1 (SE) | 2.0 (SE) | 2.1 (SE) | <High School (SE) | High School Graduate or Some College (SE) | |||||||
| Dietary intake as estimated by Block Food Screener (N = 940) | ||||||||||||
| Fruit/fruit juice, CE | 1.44 (0.04) | −0.21 (0.10) | −0.02 (0.16) | 4.49 (.11) | 1.49 (0.12) | −0.21 (0.10) | −0.02 (0.16) | 0.07 (0.09) | −0.02 (0.13) | −0.04 (0.11) | −0.09 (0.05) | 4.34 (.11) |
| Vegetablesd, CE | 0.72 (0.02) | −0.07 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.08) | 3.40 (.18) | 0.85 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.09 (0.05) | 3.17 (.21) |
| Legumes, CE | 0.14 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.03) | 2.69 (.26) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | 1.98 (.37) |
| Whole grains, OE | 0.52 (0.02) | −0.11 (0.04) | −0.09 (0.07) | 7.47 (.02) | 0.61 (0.05) | −0.10 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.04 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.05) | 5.33 (.07) |
| Meat/poultry/fish, OE | 2.73 (0.12) | −0.07 (0.32) | 0.55 (0.43) | 1.67 (.44) | 3.01 (0.29) | −0.02 (0.34) | 0.61 (0.45) | −0.02 (0.22) | −0.21 (0.31) | 0.04 (0.28) | −0.28 (0.26) | 1.87 (.39) |
| Dairy, CE | 1.32 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.15) | 1.23 (.54) | 1.42 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.15) | −0.08 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.12) | −0.02 (0.10) | −0.03 (0.10) | 1.62 (.45) |
| Potato, CE | 0.31 (0.01) | −0.06 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) | 4.37 (.11) | 0.33 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.03) | 3.55 (.17) |
| Saturated fat, g | 18.31 (0.49) | −0.65 (1.24) | 2.24 (1.92) | 1.76 (.41) | 19.42 (1.34) | −0.47 (1.32) | 2.44 (1.96) | −0.75 (1.04) | 0.14 (1.48) | 0.32 (1.31) | −1.01 (1.24) | 1.79 (.41) |
| Added sugar, tsp | 8.36 (0.26) | −1.04 (0.64) | 1.03 (1.06) | 3.71 (.16) | 7.45 (0.75) | −1.17 (0.65) | 0.88 (1.06) | 0.04 (0.58) | 1.45 (0.83) | 0.79 (0.74) | 0.03 (0.70) | 4.34 (.11) |
| 3-Day physical activity record (N = 795) | ||||||||||||
| Total activity, MET | 75.24 (0.68) | 2.31 (1.66) | 6.00 (2.85) | 5.30 (.07) | 75.72 (1.49) | 2.37 (1.87) | 5.84 (2.94) | 6.25 (2.87) | −0.62 (2.20) | 0.26 (1.96) | 6.25 (2.87) | 5.50 (.06) |
| MVPA, 30-min block | 5.56 (0.13) | 0.26 (0.33) | 0.41 (0.56) | 1.03 (.60) | 5.59 (0.38) | 0.26 (0.33) | 0.34 (0.60) | 0.44 (0.57) | 0.11 (0.43) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.44 (0.57) | 1.10 (.58) |
| Sedentary, 30-min block | 29.41 (0.17) | −0.08 (0.43) | −0.25 (0.64) | 0.62 (.92) | 29.68 (0.42) | −.004 (0.49) | −0.04 (0.64 | −0.24 (0.63) | −0.16 (0.48) | −0.23 (0.42) | −0.24 (0.63) | .15 (.93) |
| Accelerometer data (N = 891) | ||||||||||||
| MVPA, min/d | 52.61 (1.14) | 8.10 (2.85) | 3.42 (4.92) | 7.59 (.02) | 53.71 (3.29) | 8.17 (2.87) | 3.78 (4.93) | 4.65 (2.61) | −5.31 (3.71) | −1.94 (3.29) | −2.10 (.09) | 7.71 (.02) |
| Sedentary, min/d | 818.25 (2.79) | −22.13 (7.00) | −6.28 (11.95) | 7.70 (.02) | 830.46 (7.93) | −20.42 (6.91) | −5.29 (11.90) | −14.17 (6.30) | 5.33 (8.95) | −2.52 (7.95) | −3.02 (7.46) | 7.62 (.02) |
Abbreviations: ACTION PAC, Adolescents Committed to Improvement of Nutrition and Physical Activity; CE, cup equivalent; LL, log-likelihood ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent of task, MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; OE, ounce equivalent; RUCA, rural–urban commuting area; SE, standard error.
Dietary intake was measured by using the Block Food Screener for ages 2–17 (2007 version, NutritionQuest) (13). Physical activity was measured by using the GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer (Activinsights Ltd) for 7 days and the 3-Day Physical Activity Report (3D PAR) (15).
1.0 = Metropolitan area core: primary commuting flow within an urbanized area (reference group); 2.0 = metropolitan area high commuting: primary flow 30% or more to an urbanized area; 2.1 = metropolitan area high commuting: secondary flow 30% to 50% to a larger urbanized area.
Multilevel models in which participants were nested within zip code were used for all analyses. For the accelerometer data, 3-level repeated measures models with day nested within participant nested within zip code were used. To examine the overall relationship between RUCA code and reported dietary intake and physical activity, 2-degrees-of-freedom LL tests, which examine whether together the 3 RUCA codes predicted each outcome, were used.
Vegetables not including potatoes or legumes.