Table 3. Differences in Reported Dietary Intake and Physical Activity,a by Log Population Density, Study of Rural-Urban Differences in Baseline Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Levels Among Adolescents, ACTION PAC Cluster-Randomized Trial.
| Variable | Unadjusted Results |
Adjusted Results |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (SE) | Log Population Density (SE) | P b | ICC | Intercept (SE) | Log Population Density (SE) | Family Income <$20K (SE) | Parent Education |
Hispanic (SE) | P b | ||
| <High School (SE) | High School Graduate or Some College (SE) |
||||||||||
| Dietary intake as estimated by Block Food Screener (N = 906) | |||||||||||
| Fruit/fruit juice, CE | 1.19 (0.14) | 0.03 (0.02) | .13 | 0 | 1.28 (0.18) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.09) | −0.01 (0.13) | −0.03 (0.12) | −0.10 (0.11) | .15 |
| Vegetables,c CE | 0.76 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.01) | .63 | 0.005 | 0.87 (0.09) | −0.003 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.08 (0.06) | .77 |
| Legumes, CE | 0.17 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.01) | .33 | 0.019 | 0.12 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | .23 |
| Whole grains, OE | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.01) | .07 | 0.002 | 0.47 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.06 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.05) | .03 |
| Meat/ poultry/ fish, OE | 2.53 (0.44) | 0.04 (0.07) | .56 | 0.014 | 2.80 (0.52) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.23) | .029 (0.23) | −0.01 (0.28) | −0.24 (0.27) | .57 |
| Dairy, CE | 1.40 (0.13) | −0.01 (0.02) | .62 | 0 | 1.46 (0.16) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.08) | −0.05 (0.12) | −0.04 (0.11) | −0.01 (0.10) | .73 |
| Potato, CE | 0.21 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.01) | .02 | 0.002 | 0.25 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | .07 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.03) | .02 |
| Saturated fat, g | 16.95 (1.78) | 0.23 (0.28) | .42 | 0.003 | 17.98 (2.21) | 0.24 (0.29) | −0.57 (1.07) | −0.25 (1.05) | 0.04 (1.35) | −0.82 (1.26) | .41 |
| Added sugar, tsp | 5.77 (0.93) | 0.40 (0.15) | .01 | 0 | 4.99 (1.16) | 0.37 (0.15) | −0.07 (0.60) | 1.50 (0.85) | 0.85 (0.76) | 0.08 (0.71) | .02 |
| 3-Day physical activity record (N = 764) | |||||||||||
| Total activity, MET | 80.81 (2.80) | −0.79 (0.44) | .08 | 0.007 | 81.21 (3.34) | −0.83 (0.44) | 1.65 (1.60) | −1.34 (2.27) | −0.53 (2.03) | −0.47 (1.92) | .07 |
| MVPA, 30-min block | 6.06 (0.56) | −0.07 (0.09) | .41 | 0.007 | 6.20 (0.66) | −0.09 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.32) | −0.09 (0.45) | 0.02 (0.40) | −0.27 (0.38) | .34 |
| Sedentary, 30-min block | 29.06 (0.64) | 0.05 (0.10) | .60 | 0.010 | 29.15 (0.72) | 0.07 (0.10) | −0.46 (0.35) | .04 (0.49) | −0.08 (0.44) | 0.14 (0.41) | .45 |
| Accelerometer data (N = 860) | |||||||||||
| MVPA, min/d | 59.78 (4.48) | −0.93 (0.70) | .19 | —d | 59.72 (5.28) | −1.07 (0.69) | 4.99 (2.71) | −3.62 (3.83) | −0.33 (3.41) | −1.58 (3.16) | .13 |
| Sedentary, min/d | 805.87 (12.09) | 1.41 (1.89) | .46 | —d | 817.68 (13.33) | 1.91 (1.77) | −13.85 (6.54) | 1.56 (9.23) | −6.42 (8.21) | −2.63 (7.61) | .29 |
Abbreviations: ACTION PAC, Adolescents Committed to Improvement of Nutrition and Physical Activity; CE, cup equivalents; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; OE, ounce equivalents; SE, standard error.
Dietary intake was measured by using the Block Food Screener for ages 2–17 (2007 version, NutritionQuest) (13). Physical activity was measured by using the GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer (Activinsights Ltd) for 7 days and the 3-Day Physical Activity Report (3D PAR) (15).
Multilevel models in which participants were nested within zip code were used for all analyses. For the accelerometer data, 3-level repeated measures models with day nested within participant nested within zip code were used. In these analyses, the hypotheses were assessed directly by the regression parameter for log density.
Vegetables not including potatoes or legumes.
Because there are multiple ICCs for analyses with 3 levels, we reported the variance components instead. The variance for zip code is 3.44 for MVPA, 749.97 for individual, and 1332.47 for time within individual; for sedentary behavior, the variances are 63.75, 4110.56, and 9298.99, respectively.