Table 1. Markers of recent hepatitis C infection^a according to survey year, demographics and risk factor variables, among people who inject drugs, England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2011–13 (n = 2,816).

Variable	Category	N	Combined markers of recent infection		RNA marker of recent infection		Avidity marker of recent infection
			Positive	%	Positive	%	Positive	%
Year	2011	791	33	4.2	15	1.9	18	2.3
	2012	969	58	6.0	18	1.9	40	4.1
	2013	1,056	56	5.3	24	2.3	32	3.0
Age	<30	957	56	5.9	29	3.0	27	2.8
	30–39	1,277	62	4.9	19	1.5	43	3.4
	≥40	582	29	5.0	9	1.5	20	3.4
Gender	Male	2,099	101	4.8	38	1.8	63	3.0
	Female	717	46	6.4	19	2.6	27	3.8
Regional prevalence	Low (<40%)	1,114	50	4.5	26	2.3	24	2.2
	Medium (40–55%)	768	35	4.6	11	1.4	24	3.1
	High (>55%)	934	62	6.6	20	2.1	42	4.5
Injecting duration	<1 year	157	9	5.7	3	1.9	6	3.8
	1–5 years	783	39	5.0	24	3.1	15	1.9
	6–10 years	591	36	6.1	12	2.0	24	4.1
	11–14 years	499	22	4.4	7	1.4	15	3.0
	15–19 years	457	20	4.4	7	1.5	13	2.8
	≥20 years	329	21	6.4	4	1.2	17	5.2
Homelessness	Never	696	23	3.3	11	1.6	12	1.7
	Yes, not past year	1,063	58	5.4	24	2.3	34	3.2
	Yes, past year	1,007	65	6.5	22	2.2	43	4.3
Imprisonment	Never	1,129	54	4.8	22	1.9	32	2.8
	1–4 times	886	33	3.7	14	1.6	19	2.1
	≥5 times	801	60	7.5	21	2.6	39	4.9
Crack injecting	No	2,268	87	3.8	37	1.6	50	2.2
	Yes	548	60	10.9	20	3.6	40	7.3
Speed (amphetamine) injecting	No	2,335	127	5.4	49	2.1	78	3.3
	Yes	481	20	4.2	8	1.7	12	2.5
NSP use	Never/not in past year	499	25	5.0	9	1.8	16	3.2
	In past year	2,300	121	5.3	48	2.1	73	3.2
Injecting and sharing past month	Did not inject past month	674	18	2.7	10	1.5	8	1.2
	Injected and did not share	1,418	59	4.2	21	1.5	38	2.7
	Injected and shared	724	70	9.7	26	3.6	44	6.1

NSP: needle and syringe programmes.

^a Antibody-negative with RNA and weak avidity of antibody.