Table 1.
Comparisons of covariates between the participants included in and excluded from this study.
| Included (N = 265) |
Excluded (N = 1863) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | N | Mean (SD) or N (%) |
N | Mean (SD) or N (%) |
P-valuea | Effect sizeb |
| Maternal characteristics at enrollment | ||||||
| Education | 265 | 1839 | 0.26 | 0.02 | ||
| ≥ College graduate | 180 (67.9) | 1180 (64.2) | ||||
| < College graduate | 85 (32.1) | 659 (35.8) | ||||
| Smoking during pregnancy | 265 | 1842 | 0.34 | 0.03 | ||
| Never | 188 (70.9) | 1255 (68.1) | ||||
| Former | 51 (19.2) | 347 (18.8) | ||||
| During pregnancy | 26 (9.8) | 240 (13.0) | ||||
| Parity (nulliparous) | 265 | 1863 | 2.0e-2 | 0.05 | ||
| No | 156 (58.9) | 955 (51.3) | ||||
| Yes | 109 (41.1) | 908 (48.7) | ||||
| Age (years) | 265 | 32.9 (5.3) | 1863 | 31.7 (5.2) | 2.3e-4 | 0.24 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 265 | 24.9 (5.2) | 1847 | 24.9 (5.6) | 0.90 | 0.01 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | 265 | 1863 | 0.79 | 0.01 | ||
| Boys | 134 (50.6) | 962 (51.6) | ||||
| Girls | 131 (49.4) | 901 (48.4) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | 265 | 1844 | 0.15 | 0.06 | ||
| White | 163 (61.5) | 1179 (63.9) | ||||
| Black | 46 (17.4) | 309 (16.8) | ||||
| Hispanic | 16 (6.0) | 112 (6.1) | ||||
| Asian | 7 (2.6) | 88 (4.8) | ||||
| Other | 33 (12.5) | 156 (8.5) | ||||
| Birthweight (grams) | 265 | 3551 (548) | 1862 | 3448 (597) | 0.5e-2 | 0.19 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 265 | 39.6 (1.6) | 1863 | 39.4 (2.0) | 0.17 | 0.09 |
| Birthweight for gestational age z-score | 265 | 0.31 (1.00) | 1862 | 0.15 (0.97) | 1.3e-2 | 0.16 |
| Age at blood draw for DNAm (years) | 265 | 7.7 (0.7) | 195 | 8.2 (0.9) | 2.0E-7 | 0.50 |
| BMI in mid-childhood (kg/m2) | 265 | 17.4 (3.2) | 845 | 17.2 (2.9) | 0.45 | 0.05 |
| BMIz in mid-childhood | 265 | 0.45 (1.06) | 845 | 0.37 (0.98) | 0.27 | 0.08 |
| Age at the early adolescence visit (years) | 265 | 12.9 (0.6) | 773 | 13.3 (1.0) | 4.4E-12 | 0.50 |
| Cardio-metabolic in early adolescence | 265 | −0.03 (0.63) | 334 | 0.02 (0.62) | 0.30 | 0.09 |
Abbreviation: Standard deviation (SD); Body mass index (BMI); BMI z-score (BMIz); DNA methylation (DNAm).
a χ[2] test was used for categorical variables, t-test was used for continuous variables;
b Cramér’s V was used for the effect size analysis for categorical variables, Cohen’s d was used for the effect size analysis for continuous variables.