Table 2.
Response to CO2 enrichment reported in the literature for fleshy macroalgal species, regarding growth, photosynthesis, and δ13C values (“I” = increase, “D” = decrease, “NR” = no response, “–” = unreported)
| Phylum and species | Enriched pCO2 level (μatm) | Response to CO2 enrichment | Putative carbon uptake strategy | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth | Photosynthesis | δ13C | ||||
| Rhodophyta (Red algae) | ||||||
| Amansia rhodantha | ~1,000 | NR | – | – | Non‐CCM | [1] |
| Chondrus crispus | ~800 | NR & I | NR, D & I | – | CCM | [2] |
| Craspedocarpus ramentaceus | ~1,000 | NR | NR | NR | Non‐CCM | current study |
| Gelidium crinale | ~750 | NR | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| Gracilaria chilensis | 650 & 1,250 | I | I | – | CCM | [4] |
| G. conferta | ~750 | NR | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| G. secundata | – | I | – | – | CCM | [5] |
| G. tenuistipitata | – | D | D | – | CCM | [6] |
| G. tikvahiae | (pH = 6.0) | NR | I | – | CCM | [7] |
| Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis* | ~700, ~1,000 & ~1,400 | NR & I | NR & I | – | CCM | [8–12] |
| Grateloupia cornea | 900 & 1,900 | D | D | – | CCM | [13] |
| Hypnea cornuta | ~750 | NR | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| H. musciformis | ~750 | D | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| H. spinella | 700 & 1,600 | I | I | – | CCM | [14] |
| Laurencia intricata | ~1,000 | NR | I | D | CCM | [15] |
| Lomentaria articulata | 700–1,800 (range) | I | – | D | Non‐CCM | [16] |
| L. australis | ~1,000 | I | NR | D | CCM | current study |
| Melanothamnus harveyi | ~800 & ~1,500 | NR & I | NR & I | – | CCM | [17] |
| Palmaria palmata | ~1,000 | NR & D | D | – | CCM | [18,19] |
| Phycodrys rubens | ~1,000 | NR | – | – | Possibly non‐CCM | [20] |
| Plocamium cartilagineum | 900 | D & I | – | – | CCM | [21] |
| Porphyra linearis | ~750 | D | NR | – | CCM | [22] |
| Ptilota gunneri | ~1,000 | NR | – | – | Possibly non‐CCM | [20] |
| Pterocladiella capillacea | ~750 | NR | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| Pyropia haitanensis | 1,000 | I | D & I | – | CCM | [23,24] |
| P. leucosticta | – | D | I | – | CCM | [25] |
| P. yezoensis | 1,000 & 1600 | I | I | – | CCM | [26] |
| Chlorophyta (Green algae) | ||||||
| Chaetomorpha linum | (pH = 6.73) | I | – | – | CCM | [27] |
| Cladophora coelothrix | (pH = 6.73) | I | – | – | CCM | [27] |
| C. patentiramea | (pH = 6.73) | NR | – | – | CCM | [27] |
| C. vagabunda | (pH = 6.0) | I | I | – | Possibly non‐CCM | [7] |
| Codium fragile | 900 & 1,900 | NR | NR | – | CCM | [13] |
| Monostroma grevillei var. arctica | ~1,000 | NR | – | – | CCM | [20] |
| Ulva australis* | ~900 & ~1,000 & ~1,900 | NR & I | NR & I | – | CCM | [13,28–30] |
| U. lactuca | ~700 | NR | NR | – | CCM | [10,31] |
| U. linza | ~750 & ~1,000 | NR | D | – | CCM | [3,32] |
| U. prolifera | ~1,000 | I | NR | – | CCM | [33–35] |
| U. pulchra | – | I | – | – | CCM | [36] |
| U. reticulata | – | NR | – | – | CCM | [36] |
| U. rigida* | ~1,200 | NR & I | NR & D | NR | CCM | [36–39] |
| Ochrophyta (Brown algae) | ||||||
| Alaria esculenta* | ~1,000 & ~1,300 | NR, D & I | NR | D | CCM | [20,40,41] |
| Chnoospora implexa | ~1,000 | NR | I | D | CCM | [15] |
| Desmarestia aculeata | ~1,000 & ~1,300 | D & I | NR & I | D & NR | CCM | [20,40,42] |
| Dictyopteris undulata | 900 | I | – | – | CCM | [21] |
| Dictyota bartayresiana | ~1,000 | NR | – | – | CCM | [1] |
| Fucus vesiculosus | ~1,200 | NR & D | – | – | CCM | [43–45] |
| F. vesiculosus f mytili | 1,000 | I | – | – | CCM | [46] |
| Laminaria solidungula | ~1,200 | NR | NR | NR | CCM | [47] |
| Lobophora variegata | ~1,000 | NR | – | – | CCM | [1] |
| Macrocystis pyrifera | ~1,200 | NR | NR | NR | CCM | [48] |
| Nereocystis luetkeana | ~3,000 | I | I | – | CCM | [49,50] |
| Padina pavonica | ~750 | NR | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| Saccharina japonica | ~1800 | NR | I | – | CCM | [51] |
| S. latissima* | ~1,000 & ~1,200 & ~3,000 | NR, D & I | NR & I | NR & D | CCM | [18,41,47,49,52] |
| Saccorhiza dermatodea | ~1,000 | I | – | – | CCM | [20] |
| Sargassum fusiforme* | ~700 & ~1,000 | D & I | NR & I | – | CCM | [53–55] |
| S. horneri | 900 & 1,900 | NR & I | NR | – | CCM | [13,21] |
| S. muticum | 1,000 | I | I | – | CCM | [56] |
| S. thunbergii | 900 & 1,900 | I | I | – | CCM | [13] |
| S. vulgare | ~750 | NR | – | – | CCM | [3] |
| Turbinaria ornata | ~1,000 | NR | NR | NR | CCM | [15] |
The elevated pCO2 level (which was compared to ambient control levels in each study), the carbon uptake strategy (non‐CCM or CCM), and references are also noted. * indicates species of which detailed physiological and biochemical regulatory mechanisms are known.
References: [1] Ho and Carpenter (2017); [2] Sarker, Bartsch, Olischläger, Gutow, and Wiencke (2013); [3] Israel and Hophy (2002); [4] Gao et al. (1993); [5] Lignell and Pedersén (1989); [6] García‐Sánchez et al. (1994); [7] Rivers and Peckol (1995); [8] Chen, Zou, Zhu, and Yang (2017); [9] Xu, Zou, and Gao (2010); [10] Liu, Zou, and Yang (2018); [11] Zou and Gao (2009); [12] Kang, Kambey, Shen, Yang, and Chung (2017); [13] Kim et al. (2016); [14] Suárez‐Álvarez, Gómez‐Pinchetti, and García‐Reina (2012); [15] Bender‐Champ, Diaz‐Pulido, and Dove (2017); [16] Kübler et al. (1999); [17] Olischläger and Wiencke (2013); [18] Nunes et al. (2016); [19] Sebök, Herppich, and Hanelt (2017); [20] Gordillo, Carmona, Viñegla, Wiencke, and Jiménez (2016); [21] Kram et al. (2016); [22] Israel, Katz, Dubinsky, Merrill, and Friedlander (1999); [23] Liu and Zou (2015a); [24] Xu, Chen, et al. (2017); [25] Mercado, Javier, Gordillo, Xavier Niell, and Figueroa (1999); [26] Gao et al. (1991); [27] de Paula Silva, Paul, Nys, and Mata (2013); [28] Reidenbach et al. (2017); [29] Kang and Chung (2017); [30] Kang and Kim (2016); [31] Liu and Zou (2015b); [32] Gao et al. (2018); [33] Xu and Gao (2012); [34] Li, Xu, and He (2016); [35] Li, Zhong, Zheng, Zhuo, and Xu (2018); [36] Björk, Haglund, Ramazanov, and Pedersén (1993); [37] Gordillo, Niell, and Figueroa (2001); [38] Rautenberger et al. (2015); [39] Gordillo, Figueroa, and Niell (2003); [40] Iñiguez et al. (2016a); [41] Gordillo et al. (2015); [42] Iñiguez, Heinrich, Harms, and Gordillo (2017); [43] Gutow et al. (2014); [44] Kawamitsu and Boyer (1999); [45] Ober and Thornber (2017); [46] Mensch et al. (2016); [47] Iñiguez et al, (2016b); [48] Fernández et al. (2015); [49] Swanson and Fox (2007); [50] Thom (1996); [51] Kang and Chung (2018); [52] Olischläger, Iñiguez, Koch, Wiencke, and Gordillo (2017); [53] Zou (2005); [54] Zou, Gao, and Luo (2011); [55] Jiang, Zou, Lou, and Gong (2018); [56] Xu, Gao, Gao, Xu, and Wu (2017).