Figure 3.

(a) Mean time to eclosion measured as the average number of days following postwinter warming for apple and hawthorn flies in controlled rearing experiments (data from Hood et al., 2015; see also Supporting Information Table S2 for additional site information) and b–d) mean standardized allele frequencies for SNP variants significantly associated with later eclosion time in the GWAS of Ragland et al. (2017) at the four latitudinally arrayed study sites surveyed across the Midwestern United States. Populations having higher mean standardized allele frequencies are therefore predicted to be genetically inclined to eclose later than populations having lower mean standardized allele frequencies. Panel (b) chromosome 2 and 3 SNPs together; (c) chromosome 1 SNPs; (d) chromosome 1–3 SNPs together; see Materials and Methods for details concerning the calculation of mean standardized allele frequencies for SNPs. n = number of significant SNPs on chromosome(s) contributing to mean standardized allele frequencies