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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 22.
Published in final edited form as: Early Hum Dev. 2017 Jul 12;113:87–103. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.003

Table 2. Summary of cerebral and non-cerebral features for sleep state scoring and sleep organization in term neonates.

GA in weeks 37–38 39–40 41–44 43–48
Organization of behavioural state1 AW, QW, AS1, AS2, QS-HVS, QS-TA, IS, TS2
Proportion of time spent in any state according to age based on average cycle length of 50–60 min AS: 50–60%
QS: 30–40%
IS: 10–15%		 AS1: 25–35%
QS-HVS: 3–5%
QS-TA: 30%
AS2: 15–25%
IS: 10–15%		 AS1: 25–35%
QS-HVS: 15–20%
QS-TA: 15–20%
AS2: 15–25%
IS: 10–15%		 AS1: 25–35%
QS-HVS ~ NREM: 45%
AS2: 10–15%
IS: 10–15%
EEG background activity during sleep states AW/QW/AS2 low voltage irregular pattern
AS1 mixed frequencies, higher amplitude
QS-TA: length IBI = length bursts ~6 s, IBI amplitude ≥25 μV		 AW/QW/AS2 low voltage irregular pattern
AS1 mixed frequencies, higher amplitude
QS-HVS: high voltage, slow waves, occipital predominance
QS-TA: length IBI = length bursts ~6 s, IBI amplitude > 25 μV		 AW/QW/AS2 low voltage irregular pattern
AS1 mixed frequencies, higher amplitude
QS-HVS: high voltage, slow waves, occipital predominance ↑
QS-TA:↓		 AW/QW/AS2 low voltage irregular pattern
AS1 mixed frequencies, higher amplitude
QS-HVS: High voltage, slow waves
State specific temporal and spatial organization Rolandic theta waves in AS2 > AS1
Delta brushes occipital in AS & QS
Diffuse delta waves QS Frontal transient, slow anterior dysrhythmia AS 1, transition QS
AS: synchronous Onset of QS: asynchrony		 Sharp rolandic alpha & heta bursts in QS
Delta brushes occipital ↓, only in QS
Frontal transient, slow anterior dysrhythmia AS 1, transition QS
AS: synchronous
QS: synchronous		 Sharp rolandic alpha & heta bursts in QS
Delta brushes disappeared in all states
Frontal transient, slow anterior dysrhythmia AS 1, transition QS
AS: synchronous
QS: synchronous		 QS-HVS: sporadic spindle like activity
Non-cerebral features

  • REM

  • Cardiorespiratory regularity

  • Body movements

  • Tonic chin EMG

  • Arousals
AS: + + + QS: −
AS: variability CR rate
QS: ↓ variability CR rate
AS: + + +, ↓ head & facial movements
QS:↓ smaller, segmental body movements (10% of QS)
AS: − QS: ± (absent in ~20% of QS)
AS: + + + QS: −
AS: variability CR rate
QS: ↓ variability CR rate
AS: + + +, ↓ head & facial movements
QS:↓ smaller, segmental body movements (3% of QS)
AS: − QS: ± (absent in ~20% of QS)
AS: + + QS: −
AS: variability CR rate
QS: ↓ variability CR rate
AS: + + +, ↓ head & facial movements
QS:↓ smaller, segmental body movements (3% of QS)
AS: − QS: ± (absent in ~20% of QS)
↓
1

State coded by the concordance of cerebral and non-cerebral features according to the gestational age. Adapted from: [35,9,17,29,30].

2

Abbreviations: AW =Active Wake, AS= Active Sleep, QS =Quiet Sleep, QW: Quiet Wake, IS: Indeterminate Sleep, TS: Transitional sleep HVS: High voltage slow wave sleep, TA: Tracé Alternant, REM =Rapid Eye Movements, IBI= Interburst Interval, CR: cardiorespiratory rate.