Table 2.
Association of total fried food consumption with all cause and cause specific mortality among 106 966 postmenopausal women. Data are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless indicated otherwise
| Mortality | Frequency of total fried food consumption | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | <1 serving/week | 1-2 servings/week | 3-6 servings/week | ≥1 serving/day | ||
| All cause mortality: | ||||||
| No of deaths/participants | 4693/15 166 | 11 755/38 482 | 9529/33 210 | 4283/15 480 | 1298/4628 | — |
| Age adjusted model | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.09) | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.17) | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.25) | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.44) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.05) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.16) | 0.02 |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.05) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.06) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.15) | 0.06 |
| Cardiovascular mortality: | ||||||
| No of deaths/participants | 1416/15 166 | 3456/38 482 | 2842/33 210 | 1221/15 480 | 385/4628 | — |
| Age adjusted model | 1.00 (ref) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.24) | 1.19 (1.10 to 1.29) | 1.43 (1.27 to 1.60) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) | 0.29 |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.20) | 0.57 |
| Cancer mortality: | ||||||
| No of deaths/participants | 1180/15 166 | 3071/38 482 | 2568/33 210 | 1203/15 480 | 336/4628 | — |
| Age adjusted model | 1.00 (ref) | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.18) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) | 1.16 (1.02 to 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.08) | 0.61 |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.06) | 0.41 |
Multivariable model 1=age at baseline, race/ethnicity, education, annual income, whether they were from the observational study or the clinical trial, unopposed estrogen use, estrogen+progesterone use, smoking status, physical activity, coffee intake, total energy intake, diet quality score, baseline diabetes status, baseline cardiovascular status, and baseline cancer status; multivariable model 2=multivariable model 1+body mass index; ref=reference.