Table 1.

Contribution of physical activity to BMD

Population	BMD determinant	Variability in BMD	References
Icelandic women aged 16–20 years	Lean mass and physical exercise	30%	Valdimarsson et al. (1999)
Men and women aged 20–25 years	Sports activities	10.4%—men < 1%—women	Neville et al. (2002)
Pre-menopausal women aged 35–37 years	Member of sports club completing persistent weight-bearing activity in adulthood	5–19%	Barnekow-Bergkvist et al. (2006)
European Caucasian men aged 65–80 years	High-impact unilateral training programme on one leg (EL) in comparison with the other leg (CL)	1.6% net gain in femoral neck between EL and CL	Allison et al. (2015)
Men and women aged 20–54 years	Physical activity level	Active women and men had 2.7–4.6% and 1.9–3.0% higher BMD, respectively, than sedentary counterparts	Morseth et al. (2010)
Men aged 17–20 years	Physical activity habits	10.1%	Pettersson et al. (2010)