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. 2018 Oct 25;47(2):453–463. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-02144-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Top left: exposed FOCUS headform showing the underlying facial bones. Top right: anchored customized pitching machine that projects softballs into a FOCUS headform attached to a 50th percentile male Hybrid III neck that is mounted to a 16-kg sliding table. Bottom left: maxilla impact location (M) with translations and rotations from the reference location. Bottom right: zygoma impact location (Z) with translations and rotations from the reference location.