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. 2018 Dec 19;120(2):238–246. doi: 10.1038/s41416-018-0357-6

Table 3.

Associations of serum glutamine, histidine and phenylalanine levels with clinicopathological characteristics

Glutamine Histidine Phenylalanine
µmol/L, mean (SD) p value µmol/L, mean (SD) p value µmol/L, mean (SD) p value
Gender
  Male 490.9 (84.2) 0.597 59.1 (10.3) 0.005 84.6 (15.2) 0.920
  Female 485.8 (90.4) 55.8 (10.7) 84.8 (21.5)
Age
  < 65 years 475.6 (90.5) 0.039 59.5 (11.3) 0.014 83.0 (16.7) 0.202
  ≥ 65 years 496.0 (84.3) 56.5 (10.1) 85.6 (19.2)
BMI (kg/m2)
  < 20 511.8 (89.9) 0.797 54.8 (8.8) 0.758 76.5 (14.3) 0.241
  20–25 484.3 (96.3) 57.9 (10.8) 84.9 (16.3)
  25–30 491.3 (78.6) 57.7 (9.7) 84.1 (18.6)
  30–35 494.6 (92.7) 59.0 (12.5) 88.8 (24.3)
  ≥ 35 482.0 (80.7) 58.1 (10.1) 84.3 (12.5)
Tumour location
  Proximal 488.3 (95.1) 0.923 55.8 (10.4) 0.082 86.4 (20.6) 0.374
  Distal 497.0 (95.2) 58.3 (12.3) 84.6 (16.3)
  Rectum 488.3 (75.3) 58.4 (9.4) 82.8 (13.1)
Preoperative RT/CRT in rectal cancers
  No 497.4 (75.2) 0.077 57.8 (10.6) 0.192 82.6 (15.0) 0.616
  Yes 475.4 (74.6) 59.9 (8.9) 83.8 (12.6)
TNM stage
  Stage I 510.3 (86.7) 0.002 59.2 (8.9) 0.001 83.8 (22.1) 0.031
  Stage II 479.4 (86.4) 56.6 (10.9) 83.1 (13.5)
  Stage III 503.0 (74.1) 60.0 (9.8) 84.7 (13.8)
  Stage IV 453.8 (100.7) 52.7 (9.4) 88.9 (20.4)
Depth of invasion
  T1 519.7 (115.9) 0.023 59.2 (8.2) 0.022 80.2 (14.6) 0.252
  T2 513.1 (76.3) 60.2 (9.3) 82.9 (21.2)
  T3 481.8 (84.3) 56.9 (10.5) 84.8 (14.5)
  T4 480.5 (103.2) 55.2 (9.9) 89.5 (20.0)
Nodal metastasis
  N0 490.3 (88.8) 0.432 57.3 (10.4) 0.418 83.2 (17.6) 0.096
  N1 500.7 (80.5) 58.7 (10.3) 85.3 (15.7)
  N2 475.8 (85.0) 57.1 (9.2) 87.4 (14.9)
Distant metastasis
  M0 495.9 (82.9) 0.009 58.4 (10.1) 0.005 83.8 (16.1) 0.040
  M1 453.8 (100.7) 52.7 (9.4) 88.9 (20.4)
Lymphatic invasion
  No 489.7 (85.7) 0.842 57.8 (9.7) 0.778 84.0 (18.4) 0.454
  Yes 487.8 (89.4) 57.5 (11.1) 85.5 (18.4)
Blood vessel invasion
  No 492.3 (85.4) 0.096 58.0 (10.0) 0.134 83.5 (17.0) 0.027
  Yes 470.3 (95.2) 55.7 (11.9) 91.0 (23.5)
WHO grade 1–3
  Grade 1 511.0 (79.3) 0.013 58.1 (11.1) 0.089 84.4 (22.0) 0.660
  Grade 2 488.7 (81.5) 58.0 (9.8) 84.0 (15.0)
  Grade 3 462.8 (112.9) 54.6 (11.1) 87.1 (14.4)
MMR screening status
  MMR deficient 497.2 (112.0) 0.530 55.2 (12.2) 0.113 86.8 (27.6) 0.465
  MMR proficient 487.7 (83.4) 58.0 (10.2) 84.4 (16.9)
BRAF VE1 immunohistochemistry
  Negative 488.7 (86.9) 0.782 57.8 (10.6) 0.307 83.9 (16.9) 0.025
  Positive 484.2 (90.1) 55.7 (11.1) 91.7 (28.8)

SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, RT/CRT radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy, MMR mismatch repair. Significant p values are marked in bold.