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. 2019 Jan 22;9:271. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36466-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evaluation of the contribution of root hairs to the uptake of the peptide-pDNA complex. (A) The roots of 7-DAG A. thaliana seedlings grown under phosphate-sufficient (1 mM Pi) and -deficient (3 μM Pi) conditions. Scale bars represent 100 μm. (B) Root hair densities and (C) lengths under the two phosphate conditions, measured in the region 0 to 5 mm from the root tip. Box plots show the median and 25th and 75th percentiles; whiskers represent confidence intervals, and open circles indicate outliers (n = 3, **p < 0.01, t-test, mean ± SD). (D) Microscopic evaluation of the transformation efficiencies of seedlings under the phosphate-deficient condition, using GFP as a reporter gene. The upper and middle rows are samples into which a peptide-pDNA complex consisting of Bp100(KH)₉ and 35S-GFP(S65T)-TNOS was infiltrated. The bottom is a sample into which only pDNA was infiltrated as a control. Scale bars represent 50 μm. (E) An Nluc assay in A. thaliana grown under the phosphate-deficient condition (n = 40, p = 0.777, Mann-Whitney U test).