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. 2019 Jan 22;9:311. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36535-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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JCV viral load and CD8 immune activation levels. Evaluation of CD8 immune activation percentages in JCV+ (n = 28) and JCV− (n = 88) samples. No statistical differences were found (Mann-Whitney test). Data are shown as median (lines) and interquartile range (whiskers) (a). CD8⁺ T-lymphocyte immune activation percentages were correlated to JCV viral load. Correlation was performed using Spearman test (Spearman coefficient [ρ] and statistical significance [p] are reported in the graphics) (b). Samples were stratified into three groups: T0 (before the first natalizumab infusion) (n = 18); T12 (within the first year of treatment) (n = 30); T24 (during the second year of treatment) (n = 30). No differences were found in CD8 immune activation levels comparing JCV+ and JCV− samples in T0 (c) and T24 (e) groups; CD8 immune activation levels were increased in JCV+ compared to JCV− samples in T12 group (d). Data are shown as median (lines) and interquartile range (whiskers). JCV+: JCV-DNA positive samples, JCV−: JCV-DNA negative samples. *p < 0.05 (Wilcoxon test).