Table 6:
Results for multiple linear regression models for CpG sites associated with the frequency of heavy vehicles passing by all subjects’ homes
| CpG | Associated gene | Heavy vehicle frequency (ref = never) | Estimate | Standard error | P value | Significant covariates in final model | Dunnett's test (LSMEAN = never) | Linear trend test (F value, df = 1) P value | Direction of methylation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cg25895913 (n = 355) | CDH4 | >10/hour | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.0002 | Tobacco smoke exposure (at 10 years); gender | *** | 18.16 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.17 | 0.04 | <.0001 | *** | <0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg11156891 (n = 329) | ANKRD65 | >10/hour | –0.48 | 0.13 | 0.0002 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | *** | 14.49 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.29 | 0.13 | 0.03 | * | 0.0002 | ||||
| 10/day | –0.19 | 0.15 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.12 | 0.11 | 0.3 | ||||||
| cg12407057 (n = 329) | ANKRD65 | >10/hour | –0.33 | 0.10 | 0.0006 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | *** | 15.51 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.24 | 0.10 | 0.01 | * | 0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | –0.08 | 0.12 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.07 | 0.09 | 0.4 | ||||||
| cg20747739 (n = 362) | FAM132A | >10/hour | 0.14 | 0.04 | <.0001 | Gender; BMI | *** | 19.7 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.002 | ** | <0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.4 | ||||||
| cg18565510 (n = 362) | ACAP3 | >10/hour | 0.20 | 0.05 | <.0001 | Gender; BMI | *** | 15.33 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.008 | ** | 0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||||||
| cg24843003 (n = 369) | DAZAP1 | >10/hour | 0.19 | 0.05 | <.0001 | Gender | *** | 14.73 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.002 | ** | 0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.03 | * | |||||
| cg15730464 (n = 348) | LGI2 | >10/hour | 0.28 | 0.06 | <.0001 | Tobacco smoke exposure ( at 10 years); SES; gender | *** | 20.56 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.006 | ** | <0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.004 | ** | |||||
| cg16196077 (n = 336) | RTKN2 | >10/hour | –0.27 | 0.09 | 0.003 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** | 12.62 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.25 | 0.09 | 0.007 | ** | 0.0004 | ||||
| 10/day | –0.14 | 0.11 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.8 | ||||||
| cg02707264 (n = 329) | MYRIP | >10/hour | –0.11 | 0.04 | 0.005 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** | 14.16 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.02 | 0.04 | 0.6 | 0.0002 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.5 | ||||||
| cg03476673 (n = 329) | CRISPLD2 | >10/hour | –0.23 | 0.07 | 0.0009 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | *** ^ | 9.07 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.12 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.003 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.11 | 0.08 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.08 | 0.06 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg07023532 (n = 362) | ACOT4 | >10/hour | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.0006 | Gender; BMI | *** | 4.39 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.23 | 0.05 | <.0001 | *** | 0.04 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.0008 | *** | |||||
| Seldom | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.003 | ** | |||||
| cg20255272 (n = 348) | VWA1 | >10/hour | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.0009 | Tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years only); gender; BMI; SES; current smoking status | ** | 13.83 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.0002 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.001 | 0.06 | 1.0 | ||||||
| cg12417992 (n = 362) | SLC6A9 | >10/hour | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.001 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years only); SES; gender | ** | 7.91 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.003 | * ^ | 0.005 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg04154465 (n = 351) | WNT2B | >10/hour | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.0003 | SES; gender; BMI | *** | 16.12 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.008 | ** | <0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.7 | ||||||
| cg12813768 (n = 336) | SYCP1 | >10/hour | –0.34 | 0.09 | 0.0001 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | *** | 16.56 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.18 | 0.09 | 0.04 | * | <0.0001 | ||||
| 10/day | –0.08 | 0.11 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.08 | 0.08 | 0.3 | ||||||
| cg14162906 (n = 362) | TMEM222 | >10/hour | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.004 | BMI; gender | ** | 5.45 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.002 | ** | 0.02 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.01 | * | |||||
| Seldom | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg24361098 (n = 362) | BCL11A | >10/hour | 0.25 | 0.06 | <.0001 | BMI; gender | *** | 10.56 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.02 | * | 0.001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.04 | * | |||||
| Seldom | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.02 | * | |||||
| cg16147794 (n = 329) | SLC16A10 | >10/hour | –0.19 | 0.07 | 0.006 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** | 8.91 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.07 | 0.07 | 0.3 | 0.003 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.13 | 0.08 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.4 | ||||||
| cg16668397 (n = 362) | JPH3 | >10/hour | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.002 | BMI; gender | ** | 10.56 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.003 | ** | 0.001 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.4 | ||||||
| cg26419883 (n = 362) | TRPM5 | >10/hour | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.0003 | BMI; gender | *** | 13.64 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.0003 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.5 | ||||||
| cg21775675 (n = 329) | TMEM161B | >10/hour | –0.17 | 0.05 | 0.001 | Maternal Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** | 10.07 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.05 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.002 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.09 | 0.06 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.002 | 0.05 | 1.0 | ||||||
| cg04794690 (n = 362) | PADI3 | >10/hour | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.0005 | BMI; gender | *** | 11.27 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.22 | 0.05 | <.0001 | *** | 0.0009 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.2 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.008 | ** | |||||
| cg06942649 (n = 362) | FBXO25 | >10/hour | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.002 | BMI; gender | ** | 7.5 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.002 | ** | 0.007 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.03 | * | |||||
| Seldom | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg18459806 (n = 329) | NIN | >10/hour | –0.16 | 0.04 | <.0001 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | *** | 13.46 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | * | 0.0003 | ||||
| 10/day | –0.10 | 0.05 | 0.04 | * | |||||
| Seldom | –0.03 | 0.04 | 0.4 | ||||||
| cg20631351 (n = 362) | PALM | >10/hour | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.001 | BMI; gender | ** | 10.25 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.01 | * | 0.002 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.2 | ^ | |||||
| Seldom | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.3 | ^ | |||||
| cg00347824 (n = 362) | NSMAF | >10/hour | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.0003 | BMI; gender | *** | 8.63 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.004 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg17053854 (n = 348) | SEPT9 | >10/hour | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.003 | Tobacco smoke exposure (at 10 years); BMI; gender | ** | 13.15 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.003 | ** | 0.0003 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.8 | ||||||
| cg25324786 (n = 336) | RASA3 | >10/hour | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.005 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** ^ | 17.15 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.09 | <.0001 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.03 | 0.06 | 0.7 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.03 | 0.05 | 0.5 | ||||||
| cg26720961 (n = 336) | TSNARE1 | >10/hour | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ^ | 9.55 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.7 | 0.002 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.01 | 0.08 | 0.9 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.10 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ||||||
| cg05575058 (n = 329) | FAM164A | >10/hour | –0.16 | 0.05 | 0.001 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** | 7.77 | ↓ |
| 1–9/hour | –0.08 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.006 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.10 | 0.06 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.06 | 0.04 | 0.2 | ||||||
| cg15742605 (n = 329) | SAMD11 | >10/hour | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.0003 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | *** | 18.74 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.1 | <.0001 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.01 | 0.05 | 0.9 | ||||||
| cg26185508 (n = 362) | CDCP2 | >10/hour | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.002 | BMI; gender | ** | 5.48 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.0005 | *** | 0.02 | ||||
| 10/day | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.005 | ** | |||||
| Seldom | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.1 | ||||||
| cg02378006 (n = 329) | UNC5B | >10/hour | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.001 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** | 15.56 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.2 | <.0001 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.001 | 0.07 | 1.0 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.0001 | 0.05 | 1.0 | ||||||
| cg08462127 (n = 329) | MYOM2 | >10/hour | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.006 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | ** ^ | 6.48 | ↑ |
| 1–9/hour | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 0.01 | |||||
| 10/day | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Seldom | –0.02 | 0.04 | 0.7 | ||||||
| cg11017318 (n = 329) | SYT16 | >10/hour | –0.06 | 0.04 | 0.1 | Maternal smoking; tobacco smoke exposure (0–4 years and at 10 years); SES; gender; BMI; current smoking status; exposure to smoke outside the home | 1.37 | NA | |
| 1–9/hour | –0.05 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||
| 10/day | –0.08 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||||||
| Seldom | 0.0001 | 0.04 | 1.0 |
Once the Dunnett’ tests provided statistical evidence of differences in marginal means of the heavy vehicular traffic frequency, a second test for trend is performed to assess a ‘dose–response’ relationship.
***
P < 0.001;
**
P < 0.01;
*
P < 0.05; P < 0.1.