Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Youth Living with Perinatally Acquired HIV and HIV-Uninfected Adolescents
| YLPHIV (n = 385) | HIV uninfected (n = 63) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 12.1 (10.8–13.5) | 11.9 (10.0–13.4) | .16 |
| Female | 194 (50.4) | 29 (46.0) | .52 |
| Black African | 354 (92.0) | 63 (100) | .02 |
| Family history of diabetes | |||
| Yes | 80 (20.89) | 13 (20.63) | |
| BP (mm Hg) | |||
| Systolic (mean ± SD) | 105.0 (11.5) | 109.5 (10.5) | <.01 |
| Diastolic (mean ± SD) | 67.0 (9.1) | 68.2 (9.4) | .32 |
| Growth measures | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.2 (16.0–19.1) | 18.1(16.5–20.4) | .01 |
| WC (cm) | 61 (58–66) | 64 (57–70) | .21 |
| Midthigh circumference (cm) | 39 (37–44) | 42 (38–46) | <.01 |
| Midupper arm circumference (cm) | 20.5 (19–22) | 21 (19–23.5) | .07 |
| Tanner stage | |||
| 1 | 190 (50.1) | 21 (33.9) | .07 |
| 2 | 85 (22.4) | 18 (29.0) | |
| 3 | 53 (14.0) | 8 (12.9) | |
| 4 | 30 (7.9) | 10 (16.1) | |
| 5 | 21 (5.5) | 5 (8.1) | |
| Puberty | |||
| Prepubertal (Tanner stage 1) | 190 (50.1) | 21 (33.9) | .02 |
| Pubertal (Tanner stages 2–5) | 189 (49.9) | 41 (66.1) | |
| Laboratory measures | |||
| TG | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | .00 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 32 (8.3) | 1 (1.6) | .07 |
| TC | 4.1 (3.6–4.6) | 3.8 (3.4–4.2) | <.01 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 44 (11.6) | 2 (3.2) | .04 |
| LDL-C | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 2 (1.5–2.4) | |
| HDL-C | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | .60 |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 9.6 (6.6–14.3) | 9.7 (6.1–19.4) | .57 |
| Log insulin | 0.99 (0.25) | 1.0 (0.38) | .32 |
| Glucose/insulin ratio | 8.6 (4.2–13.3) | 8.9 (6.2–12.7) | .21 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.8 (9.0) | 83.4 (9.0) | .01 |
| HOMA | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 1.9 (1.2–3.7) | .98 |
| Log HOMA | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | .62 |
| Viral load (copies/mL) | |||
| <50 | 289 (75.06) | — | — |
| 50–1,000 | 44 (11.43) | — | — |
| 1,001–10,000 | 28 (7.27) | — | — |
| >10,000 | 24 (6.23) | — | — |
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | |||
| <200 | 7 (1.83) | — | — |
| 200–499 | 58 (15.14) | — | — |
| 500–1,000 | 248 (64.75) | — | — |
| >1,000 | 70 (18.28) | — | — |
| WHO HIV staging | — | — | |
| Stage I | 24 (6.49) | — | — |
| Stage II | 43 (11.62) | — | — |
| Stage III | 217 (58.65) | — | — |
| Stage IV | 86 (23.24) | — | — |
| Missing value | 15 | — | — |
| Age at initiation of ART (years) | |||
| Median age | 4.6 (2.12–7.72) | — | — |
| 0–2 | 126 (33.4) | — | — |
| 3–5 | 108 (28.65) | — | — |
| 6–14 | 143 (37.93) | — | — |
| Missing values | 8 | — | — |
| Duration on ART before enrollment (years) | 7.46 (4.48–9.23) | — | — |
| Current ART regimen | |||
| 2 X NRTI + NNRTI | 226 (58.7) | — | — |
| 2 X NRTI + PI | 142 (36.88) | — | — |
| Other | 9 (2.34) | — | — |
| Unknown | 8 (2.08) | — | — |
| Currently on D4T | 35 (9.1) | — | — |
| Currently on DDI | 7 (1.82) | — | — |
| Currently on ABC | 280 (72.7) | — | — |
| Currently on AZT | 60 (15.58) | — | — |
| Ever on D4T | 261 (67.79) | — | — |
| Ever on DDI | 34 (8.83) | — | — |
| Ever on ABC | 305 (79.22) | — | — |
All continuous variables expressed as median (interquartile range) or mean (SD) and categorical variables as number (%).
ABC, abacavir; ART, antiretroviral treatment; AZT, zidovudine; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; D4T, stavudine; DDI, didanosine; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WHO, World Health Organization; YLPHIV, youth living with perinatally acquired HIV; WC, waist circumference.