Table 2.
Group-specific patient data for fluid administration at the accident site, in the emergency department, and during initial surgical treatment
| Patient characteristics | Values for low- and high-volume groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-volume (0-1000 ml) |
High-volume (≥1501 ml) |
Group mean (all patients) |
p-values | |
| Fluid volume replaced prehospital (ml; MV, SD) | 808 ± 293.5 | 2098 ± 818 | 1453 ± 891 | ≤0.001 |
| Percentage of crystalloid volume replacement solution (ml; MV, SD) |
607 ± 307 | 1370 ± 803 | 991 ± 718 | ≤0.001 |
| Percentage of colloidal volume replacement solution (ml; MV, SD) |
186 ± 263 | 633 ± 477 | 411 ± 446 | ≤0.001 |
| Percentage of hyperoncotic solutions (ml; MV, SD) | 24 ± 92 | 95 ± 231 | 60 ± 180 | ≤0.001 |
| Fluid volume replaced in the emergency department (ml; MV, SD) | 3536 ± 2615 | 3116 ± 2232 | 3321 ± 2445 | 0.12 |
| Total prehospital time (minutes; MV, SD) | 66 ± 22 | 68 ± 21 | 67 ± 22 | 0.35 |
| Emergency room time (minutes; MV, SD) | 64 ± 36 | 72 ± 51 | 68 ± 44 | 0.24 |
| BP at accident site (mmHg; MV, SD) | 121 ± 30 | 116 ± 26 | 118 ± 28 | 0.09 |
| BP at admission to hospital (mm Hg; MV, SD) | 118 ± 34 | 113 ± 29 | 115 ± 312 | 0.22 |
| BP at accident site | ||||
| 20-60 mmHG (%) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1 |
| 61-90 mmHg (%) | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 1 |
| ≥ 91 mmHg (%) | 82.8 | 82.8 | 82.8 | 1 |
| Respiratory rate at the accident site (MV, SD) | 13 ± 5 | 15 | 14 | 0.19 |
| Heart rate at accident site (sec; MV, SD) | 96 ± 25 | 99 ± 24 | 97 | 0.35 |
| Heart rate at admission to hospital (sec; MV, SD) | 93 ± 24 | 95 ± 23 | 94 ± 24 | 0.52 |
| Hb at admission to hospital (g/dl; MV, SD) | 11.2 ± 2.7 | 10.2 ± 2.6 | 10.7 ± 2.7 | ≤0.001 |
| Prothrombin ratio (%) in hospital | 68 ± 25.5 | 63.7 ± 23.3 | 65.8 ± 24.5 | 0.04 |
| INR (MV, SD) | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 0.01 |
| Platelet count/nl at admission to hospital (MV, SD) | 191,727 ± 77,362 | 177,982 ± 70,564 | 184,681 ± 74,141 | 0.06 |
| Prothrombin time in hospital (sec; MV, SD) | 42.8 ± 33.7 | 47.6 ± 32.5 | 45.2 ± 33.1 | 0.06 |
| Base excess in hospital (mmol/l; MV, SD) | −4.9 ± 6.2 | −4.2 ± 5.6 | −4.5 ± 5.9 | 0.83 |
| Units of pRBCs in hospital (MV, SD) | 5.3 ± 5.2 | 6.1 ± 5.3 | 5.7 ± 5.3 | 0.07 |
| Massive transfusions ≥ 10 units of pRBCs (%) in hospital |
13.6 | 19.5 | 16.6 | 0.1 |
| Units of fresh-frozen plasma in hospital (MV, SD) | 3.4 ± 5.2 | 4.6 ± 6.1 | 3.9 ± 5.7 | ≤0.05 |
| Prehospital use of catecholamines (%) | 12.9 | 20.5 | 16.7 | 0.09 |
| Prehospital chest tube (%) | 4.1 | 9.6 | 6.8 | 0.07 |
| Prehospital CPR (%) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 1 |
| Prehospital sedation (%) | 89.1 | 93.8 | 91.5 | 0.21 |
| Prehospital intubation (%) | 93.5 | 93.5 | 93.5 | 1 |
| Intubation in hospital (%) | 94.0 | 95.2 | 94.6 | 0.82 |
| Multislice CT (%) | 74 | 72.8 | 73.4 | 0.9 |
Values are the mean, standard deviation (SD) or % of the group. BP blood pressure, Hb hemoglobin, INR International Normalized Ratio, pRBCs packed red blood cells, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation