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. 2018 Oct 24;33(1):122–131. doi: 10.1177/0269881118806300

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© The Author(s) 2018

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 5. — Time course of sleep–wake states and electroencephalogram (EEG) slow-wave-activity (SWA) in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, for 24 h baseline, six-hour sleep deprivation (SD, hatched area) and 18 h recovery for the second control group (n=11) and the chronic caffeine group (n=7). Curves connect two-hour values (mean±standard error of the mean (SEM)) of waking, NREM sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and EEG SWA. The black and white bars indicate the light–dark cycle. Asterisks and asterisks with lines indicate significant differences between the two groups. Significant effects of SD are indicated by open (control) and closed (chronic caffeine) circles (p<0.05, Bonferroni multiple comparisons test after three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), factors ‘treatment’×‘time of day’×‘day’ with significant interactions ‘treatment’×‘time of day’ for waking, NREM and REM sleep and ‘treatment’×‘day’ for EEG SWA).