Table 3.
Candidate urine biomarkers by LN chronicity and adjusted for concurrent LN activity in the validation cohort
| LN biomarker/measure | No/minimal chronicitya (n = 18) (1) | Moderate chronicityb (n = 8) (2) | High chronicityc (n = 15) (3) | P-valued (F-test) | P-valued 1 vs 2 | P-valued 1 vs 3 | P-valued 2 vs 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate urine biomarkers | |||||||
| Afamin | 4.53 (0.64) | 5.36 (0.94) | 3.67 (0.67) | 0.3182 | 0.4847 | 0.37 | 0.1441 |
| Immunoglobulin heavy constant α 1 | 8.47 (0.46) | 9.07 (0.67) | 8.78 (0.48) | 0.7624 | 0.4729 | 0.6535 | 0.7143 |
| Retinol binding protein 4 | 5.47 (0.48) | 4.69 (0.7) | 5.09 (0.51) | 0.6748 | 0.3846 | 0.6052 | 0.6405 |
| α1-Antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3)e | 7.87 (0.5) | 7.8 (0.91) | 7.26 (0.55) | 0.7096 | 0.9548 | 0.4359 | 0.6077 |
| Transthyretin | 4.83 (0.69) | 4.57 (1.02) | 3.85 (0.74) | 0.6267 | 0.8377 | 0.3518 | 0.5658 |
| Transferrin | 0.82 (0.44) | 1.27 (0.65) | 0.44 (0.47) | 0.5655 | 0.5801 | 0.5689 | 0.2961 |
| α1-Acid glycoprotein 1 | 9.6 (0.64) | 9.7 (0.92) | 9.92 (0.66) | 0.9400 | 0.9371 | 0.7343 | 0.8371 |
| Traditional LN measures | |||||||
| Protein creatinine ratio | 1.58 (1.62) | 5.2 (2.4) | 6.47 (1.83) | 0.1314 | 0.2226 | 0.0531 | 0.679 |
| Creatinine clearance | 125.24 (12) | 122.26 (17.18) | 85.02 (12.37) | 0.0572 | 0.8911 | 0.0285 | 0.0822 |
| Renal SLEDAI | 4.22 (1.37) | 10 (2.06) | 8.53 (1.5) | 0.0364 | 0.025 | 0.041 | 0.5688 |
Data are mean (s.e.).
a
No kidney biopsy or NIH-CI score ≤1.
b
Moderate damage NIH-CI score = 2.
c
High damage NIH-CI score ≥3; CUBM values are expressed as natural log-transformed values.
d
From Tukey–Kramer test from analysis of variance adjusted for concurrent LN activity as measured by the renal SLEDAI.
e
For SERPINA3, there were only 36 patient urine samples available for measurement. NIH-CI: National Institutes of Health chronicity index.