TGF-β1 promoted chondrocyte proliferation via stimulating MSCs to secrete exosomes containing miR-135b. MSCs were divided into 4 groups, namely control group (MSCs), TGF-β1 group (MSCs were stimulated by 10 ng/ml TGF-β1), TGF-β1+ NC group (after stimulated by 10 ng/ml TGF-β1, MSCs were transfected with NC, a control of miR-135b inhibitor), and TGF-β1+ miR-135b inhibitor group (after stimulated by 10 ng/ml TGF-β1, MSCs were transfected with miR-135b inhibitor). MSC-exosomes were isolated from the MSCs of the 4 groups. C5.18 cells were respectively co-cultured with the four groups of MSC-exosomes. (a) MiR-135b expressions in MSC-exosomes and C5.18 cells. (b) The cell viability of C5.18 cells. *P < 0.05, vs control; #P < 0.05, vs TGF-β1+ NC.