. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 24.

Published in final edited form as: Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 23;24(3):463–470. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0122-5

Table 2.

Direction of aberrant brain activations in psychopaths

Direction	Macroanatomical Location	Cytoarchitectonic Location	Cluster Size in Voxels	MNI Coordinates			TFCE Score

				x	y	z
↑	L Fronto-insular cortex		78	−32	30	0	610.95
↑	R Fronto-insular cortex/Claustrum		19	28	30	−2	404.51
↓	L Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex		57	−10	40	46	446.86
	L Lateral prefrontal cortex		38	−38	6	26	469.59
	R Lateral prefrontal cortex	Area 44	20	50	6	16	401.83
	R Amygdala		6	30	0	−18	323.09

Convergent increased (↑) and decreased (↓) brain activity related to psychopathy according to ALE across 81 experiments featuring 245 foci (↑) and 74 experiments featuring 508 foci (↓). Results are corrected for multiple comparisons using TFCE (p < 0.05). For detailed information on cytoarchitectonics, see the publication by Amunts and colleagues²⁹.

ALE, activation likelihood estimation; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; TFCE, threshold-free cluster enhancement.