Table 2.

Stability Across Time by Moderator Groups

	Activity level (years)			Emotionality (years)			Shyness (years)			Sociability (years)
	3 → 5	5 → 6	3 → 6	3 → 5	5 → 6	3 → 6	3 → 5	5 → 6	3 → 6	3 → 5	5 → 6	3 → 6
Child Gender
Girls	.60a	.70	.55	.60	.69	.54	.62	.72	.55a	.51	.58	.45
Boys	.62b	.71	.56	.58	.69	.53	.65	.74	.59b	.51	.61	.46
Child Birth Order
Firstborns	.62	.72	.56	.57	.68	.53	.65	.74	.58	.50	.58a	.45
Laterborns	.61	.71	.56	.61	.70	.55	.62	.73	.56	.51	.61b	.47
Child Term Status
Term	.61	.71	.56	.59	.69	.54	.63	.73	.57	.51	.60	.45
Preterm	.65	.73	.55	.54	.65	.42	.66	.78	.65	.54	.58	.53
Maternal Age
<20	.44	.60a	.38	.53a	.63	.43a	.54	.71	.46	.48	.64	.43
≥ 20 & <30	.60	.70b	.55	.56b	.67	.52a	.63	.73	.58	.49	.59	.45
≥ 30 & <40	.64	.74c	.58	.62c	.71	.57b	.64	.73	.57	.54	.61	.47
≥ 40	.55	.65abc	.49	.62abc	.67	.60ab	.62	.69	.53	.57	.51	.42
Maternal Education
At or below O Level	.59a	.69	.55	.57a	.68	.53	.62a	.72	.56	.49a	.58a	.43a
Above O level	.63b	.73	.57	.61b	.69	.55	.66b	.74	.59	.54b	.62b	.50b
Maternal Anxietya
Normal	.62	.71	.57	.58	.68	.53	.64	.73	.57	.51	.60	.45
High Levels of Anxiety	.59	.72	.53	.53	.66	.47	.61	.73	.56	.50	.60	.51
Maternal Depressionb
Normal	.62	.72	.57	.58	.68	.53	.64	.73	.57	.50	.60	.45
High Levels of Depression	.59	.68	.53	.54	.68	.52	.59	.72	.54	.54	.63	.53

Note. Stability estimates are all significant, ps < .001. Coefficients in bold and with different subscripts within moderators and time intervals are significantly different from one another.

^aA cut-off point ≥ 8 on the anxiety scale of CCEI was used: 6,578 mothers were normal, and 1,461 mothers had high levels of anxiety.

^bA cut-off point ≥ 13 on EPDS was used: 7,094 mothers were normal, and 943 mothers had high levels of depressive symptoms.