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. 2019 Jan 23;9:368. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36863-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IGF1 increases the size of bioengineered tooth germs. (a) Phase-contrast images of tissue recombinants at day 0 and bioengineered tooth germs at days 7 and 14 of organ culture in the control and IGF1-treated groups. Scale bar, 200 µm. The height (b) and width (c) of bioengineered tooth germs at days 7 and 14 in the control and IGF1-treated groups. Error bars indicate the standard deviation (N = 6 or 7). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (versus 0 µg/mL group; one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey-Kramer test). (d) HE staining of bioengineered tooth germs at days 7 and 14 in the control and IGF1-treated groups. AM, ameloblasts; D, dentin; DP, dental papilla; E, enamel; OB, odontoblasts; PD, predentin. Scale bar, 20 µm. (e) Immunohistochemical staining of IGF1R, AMBN, DMP1, and DSP in bioengineered tooth germs at day 14 of culture in the control and IGF1-treated groups. Scale bar, 20 µm.