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. 2019 Jan 23;9:368. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36863-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IGF1 directly upregulates the proliferation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells derived from tooth germs. (a) Phase-contrast images of mesenchymal cells isolated from mandibular molar tooth germs of ED14.5 mice at day 3 of culture. Scale bar, 200 µm. (b) BrdU-positive dental mesenchymal cells (green) were analysed by immunofluorescence. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 100 µm. Total numbers of dental mesenchymal cells (c) and percentages of BrdU-positive cells (d) were analysed on the immunofluorescent images. Error bars indicate the standard deviation (N = 3). *p < 0.05 (versus control group; Student’s t-test). (e) Phase-contrast images of epithelial cells isolated from mandibular molar tooth germs of ED14.5 mice at day 2 of culture. Scale bar, 200 µm. (f) BrdU-positive dental epithelial cells (green) were analysed by immunofluorescence. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 100 µm. The total numbers of dental epithelial cells (g) and percentages of BrdU-positive cells (h) were analysed on the immunofluorescent images. Error bars indicate the standard deviation (N = 3). *p < 0.05 (versus control group; Student’s t-test).