Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients
| All (N = 152) | Survivors (N = 73) | Non-survivors (N = 79) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.5 ± 14.1 | 48.1 ± 14.8 | 50.8 ± 13.5 | 0.245 |
| Men [n (%)] | 112 (73.7) | 58 (79.5) | 54 (68.4) | 0.121 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 (20.8, 25.9) | 23.4 (20.7, 25.7) | 23.7 (20.9, 26.6) | 0.622 |
| Comorbidities [n (%)] | ||||
| Hypertension | 39 (25.7) | 11 (15.1) | 28 (35.4) | 0.004 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 33 (21.7) | 11 (15.1) | 22 (27.8) | 0.056 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 20 (13.2) | 8 (11.0) | 12 (15.2) | 0.441 |
| PH | 37 (24.3) | 21 (28.8) | 16 (20.3) | 0.222 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 43 (28.3) | 20 (27.4) | 23 (29.1) | 0.814 |
| Current smoking [n (%)] | 20 (13.2) | 6 (8.2) | 12 (15.2) | 0.184 |
| Remote MI [n (%)] | 27 (17.8) | 14 (19.2) | 13 (16.5) | 0.661 |
| History of cardiac surgery [n (%)] | 22 (14.5) | 12 (16.4) | 10 (12.7) | 0.508 |
| NYHA [n (%)] | 0.084 | |||
| I | 28 (18.4) | 9 (12.3) | 19 (24.1) | |
| II | 29 (19.1) | 12 (16.4) | 17 (21.5) | |
| III | 62 (40.8) | 31 (42.5) | 31 (39.2) | |
| IV | 33 (21.7) | 21 (28.8) | 12 (15.2) | |
| Surgery procedure [n (%)] | ||||
| Heart transplantation | 49 (32.2) | 33 (45.2) | 16 (20.3) | 0.001 |
| CABG alone | 26 (17.1) | 8 (11.0) | 18 (22.8) | 0.053 |
| Valvular surgery alone | 18 (11.8) | 8 (11.0) | 10 (12.7) | 0.746 |
| CABG + valvular surgery | 10 (6.6) | 3 (4.1) | 7 (8.9) | 0.331 |
| CHD surgery | 14 (9.2) | 4 (5.5) | 10 (12.7) | 0.126 |
| Aortic surgery | 12 (7.9) | 3 (4.1) | 9 (11.4) | 0.096 |
| Emergency | 25 (16.4) | 9 (12.3) | 16 (20.3) | 0.188 |
| Off-pump | 10 (6.6) | 3 (4.1) | 7 (8.9) | 0.238 |
| CPB time (min) | 284.7 ± 146.1 | 289.3 ± 166.5 | 279.5 ± 120.6 | 0.712 |
| Aortic cross-clamping time (min) | 83.0 (59.5, 119.5) | 83.0 (60.8, 114.0) | 83.0 (50.0, 137.3) | 0.901 |
| Preoperative test | ||||
| Albumin (g/L) | 41.0 (38.4, 45.0) | 41.0 (38.4, 45.5) | 40.8 (38.2, 44.7) | 0.529 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 24.9 (16.3, 38.5) | 27.1 (18.7, 39.8) | 23.8 (16.1, 35.3) | 0.341 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 86.1 (72.7, 105) | 87.6 (74.9, 106.2) | 84.6 (71.5, 104.5) | 0.589 |
| PT (s) | 14.0 (13.2, 16.0) | 14.1 (13.2, 16.2) | 14.0 (13.3, 15.8) | 0.882 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 214 (174, 288) | 221 (178, 313) | 207 (172, 275) | 0.247 |
| NT-proBNP (μmol/L) | 1448 (719, 2909) | 1563 (971, 3046) | 1234 (508, 2356) | 0.110 |
| LVEF (%) | 48.6 ± 17.5 | 43.3 ± 18.6 | 53.0 ± 15.4 | 0.001 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 56.8 ± 14.1 | 60.4 ± 15.5 | 53.8 ± 12.2 | 0.015 |
| Pre-ECMO implantation [n (%)] | ||||
| Secondary thoracotomy | 45 (29.6) | 14 (19.2) | 31 (39.2) | 0.007 |
| Cardiac arrest/VF | 35 (23.0) | 8 (11.0) | 27 (34.2) | 0.001 |
| ECMO implantation [n (%)] | ||||
| Bedside | 41 (27.0) | 8 (11.0) | 33 (41.8) | < 0.001 |
| IABP implantation | 77 (50.7) | 37 (50.7) | 40 (50.6) | 0.995 |
| Concurrent initiation | 49 (32.2) | 30 (41.1) | 19 (24.1) | 0.025 |
| IABP first | 14 (9.2) | 3 (4.1) | 11 (13.9) | 0.037 |
| ECMO first | 14 (9.2) | 4 (5.5) | 10 (12.7) | 0.126 |
| Supporting time (days) | ||||
| ECMO | 4.8 ± 2.7 | 5.2 ± 2.2 | 4.3 ± 3.0 | 0.047 |
| IABP | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 7.4 ± 2.7 | 5.9 ± 5.2 | 0.140 |
Characteristics of survivors and non-survivors were compared. Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared by Student’s t test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and compared by Chi-square test
CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CHD congenital heart disease, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, LDH lactic dehydrogenase, MI myocardial infarction, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, NYHA New York Heart Association classification of heart failure, PH pulmonary arterial hypertension, PT prothrombin time, VF ventricular fibrillation