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. 2019 Jan 23;9:426. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36909-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Resolvin D1 treatment improves the resolution of synovial inflammation. (A) MACS isolated human CD14+ synovial macrophage were stimulated to M1 phenotype and then treated with RvD1 for 24 h, qPCR analysis of pro-inflammatory M1-like genes were performed in vitro. Graphs represent mean ± SD (n = 4). *p < 0.05. (B,C) FACS analysis of synovial macrophage from CD- or HFD-fed mice with or without OA after RvD1 treatment. (D) Same biopsies were further stained with MHC II to analyse the population of M1 activated macrophage. (E) Knee sections were stained with F4/80, iNOS, and CD206 to determine the phenotype of synovial macrophage in activated synovium from HFD-fed mice with or without OA after RvD1 treatment. Scale bars, 100 µm. RvD1: resolvin D1; Veh: placebo (1% ethanol in saline).