Table 1.

Differences between breast-fed (BF), SF (Standard Formula) and EF (Experimental Formula) fed infants previously reported in this cohort.

		Baseline	Intervention period		Post-intervention	Ref
		2 mon of age	4 mon of age	6 mon of age	12 mon of age
Growth parameters and clinical assessment	Weight-for-age, length-for-age, head circumference -for-age, BMI-for-age (z-score)	NS	NS	NS	NS	15
	Growth velocity (weight and length)	(EF + SF) > BF				15
	% body fat	NS	NS			15
	Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic)	NS	NS	NS	NS	17
Blood biochemical assessment	Plasma Insulin	(EF + SF) > BF	(EF + SF) > BF	(EF + SF) > BF		15
	Blood urea nitrogen	(EF + SF) > BF	(EF + SF) > BF	(EF + SF) > BF		15
	Total serum cholesterol	BF > SF, BF > EF	BF > EF > SF	BF > SF, EF > SF	NS	17
	Serum LDL: HDL	BF > SF, BF > EF	BF > SF, BF > EF	BF > SF, BF > EF	NS	17
	Serum triglyceride	NS	BF > EF > SF	NS	NS	17
	Serum Leptin		NS			17
	Serum High-molecular-weight adiponectin		NS			17
	Leptin: fat mass		BF > SF, BF > EF			17
	Serum homocysteine	BF > EF, BF > SF	BF > EF	BF > EF, SF > EF	NS	17
Inflammatory markers and immune development	Serum C-reactive protein			BF > EF, SF > EF	NS	17
	Serum IgG against pneumococci (serotypes 1, 5 and 14)			SF > EF		67
	Fecal calprotectin	BF > EF, BF > SF	BF > EF, BF > SF	NS		17
Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development	Cognitive score				EF > SF	15
	Motor score (fine motor)				BF > SF, BF > EF
	Verbal score (receptive)				BF > SF, BF > EF

Footnote: NS: not significant.