Table 3. Trend of complications for cardiac support in adults.
| Complications | Year 1997 (25) | Year 2004 (26) | Year 2012 (27) | Year 2016 (24) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pump malfunction | 1 [39] | 1.8 [36] | 0.7 [28] | 0.8 |
| Oxygenator failure | 7 [29] | 16.4 [27] | 15.1 [36] | 6.6 |
| Tubing rupture | 2 [33] | 0.9 [20] | 0.2 [0] | – |
| Cannula problems | 6 [31] | 6.8 [32] | 4.4 [29] | – |
| Cannula site hemorrhage | * | 12.9 [30] | 20.9 [39] | 18.5 |
| Surgical site hemorrhage | 28 [38] | 31.9 [27] | 25.5 [34] | 20.2 |
| Cardiac tamponade | – | – | 5.7 [27] | |
| Pulmonary hemorrhage | – | – | – | 3.1 |
| GI hemorrhage | 2 [11] | 2.4 [15] | – | – |
| Other hemorrhagic | 11 [27] | – | – | – |
| CSN hemorrhage | – | – | – | 2.2 |
| CSN infarction | – | – | – | 3.8 |
| ICH | – | – | 1.7 [7] | – |
| Clinical seizures | 11 [28] | 4.8 [12] | 2.1 [15] | – |
| Brain death | 6 [0] | 7.9 [0] | – | – |
| Renal failure | – | – | – | 12.3 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | – | – | – | 12.2 |
| Hemolisis | 6 [29] | 8.1 [34] | – | – |
| Infections | – | – | – | 13 |
Values are % reported: % is occurrence and in bracket the [%] of survival accorded with the complications. *, it’s included in the surgical site bleeding. Renal failure: serum creatinine >3.0 mg/dL; hyperbilirubinemia: total bilirubin >2 mg/dL or indirect bilirubin >15 mg/dL. CSN, central nervous system; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage.