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. 2018 Dec 7;47(2):533–545. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1235

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Mechanisms of activity-associated modulation of neuronal microRNA. Synaptic activity triggers a cascade of reactions leading to remodelling of neuronal miRNA expression. In close proximity to the synapse, Calpain-I cleaves Dicer from the post-synaptic density, allowing localised processing of precursor miRNAs into mature miRNAs (13,89). In concert, specific miRNAs tagged for activity-induced suppression are subjected to sponging by circular RNA (91–96), target RNA-directed miRNA degradation (99–101) or are ejected from the neuron in exosomes (97,98). Excitatory signalling towards the soma results in activity-induced miRNA host gene transcription and processing (85–88), modifying miRNA expression in peri-nuclear regions which leads to modulation of gene expression in the soma. These miRNA (57,79,80) or their precursors (81,82) may additionally be shipped to dendrites or the axon for regulation of distal gene expression.