Table 4.
Results of the multivariate regression model for the prediction of longitudinal change in QOL ratings
| Variables | QOL scores (Self-perceived) | QOL scores (Family-reported) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95%CI | 95%CI | |||||||
| Beta | Lower limit | Upper limit | p-value | Beta | Lower limit | Upper limit | p-value | |
| Annual visit, year | ||||||||
| 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| 2 | − 0.36 | −1.20 | 0.48 | 0.40 | −1.05 | −2.37 | 0.26 | 0.12 |
| 3 | −2.15 | −3.83 | −0.47 | 0.01 | −3.89 | −5.42 | −2.36 | < 0.001 |
| 4 | −3.32 | −4.38 | −2.25 | < 0.001 | −4.54 | −6.61 | −2.47 | < 0.001 |
| 5 | −2.78 | −3.83 | −1.73 | < 0.001 | −4.47 | −6.71 | −2.23 | < 0.001 |
| Age | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.08 | 0.84 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female (vs. male) | −0.40 | −1.28 | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.39 | −1.04 | 1.83 | 0.59 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.03 | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.51 | −0.01 | −0.41 | 0.40 | 0.97 |
| Household status | ||||||||
| Not alone (vs. alone) | 0.38 | −1.10 | 1.87 | 0.61 | −0.34 | −3.41 | 2.73 | 0.83 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Widow/Widower | 0.66 | −0.28 | 1.59 | 0.17 | −1.15 | −3.07 | 0.78 | 0.24 |
| Divorced | 1.74 | 0.47 | 3.00 | 0.01 | 1.17 | −1.75 | 4.09 | 0.43 |
| Single | 0.94 | −0.56 | 2.44 | 0.22 | −2.90 | −6.90 | 1.10 | 0.15 |
| Economic status | ||||||||
| With financial support | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Self-supporting | −0.47 | −1.23 | 0.29 | 0.22 | −0.87 | −2.85 | 1.10 | 0.39 |
| Well-off | −0.06 | −1.11 | 1.00 | 0.92 | −0.74 | −3.26 | 1.77 | 0.56 |
| Visual acuity | ||||||||
| Impaired (vs. not impaired) | −0.48 | −1.38 | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.57 | −0.87 | 2.01 | 0.44 |
| Hearing ability | ||||||||
| Impaired (vs. not impaired) | −0.17 | −1.07 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.94 | −0.66 | 2.54 | 0.25 |
| Communication | ||||||||
| Impaired (vs. not impaired) | −0.66 | −1.66 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 1.33 | −1.51 | 4.17 | 0.36 |
| CCI | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.29 | 0.17 | −0.02 | −0.39 | 0.35 | 0.93 |
| Polypharmacy (≥6 medications) | ||||||||
| Yes (vs. no) | 0.03 | −0.63 | 0.70 | 0.92 | 0.73 | −0.66 | 2.12 | 0.30 |
| Independence scale of the disabled elderly | ||||||||
| Independence | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Pre-bedridden status | −1.24 | −2.38 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.15 | −2.11 | 2.40 | 0.90 |
| Bedridden status | −1.39 | −2.75 | −0.03 | 0.045 | −2.05 | −4.69 | 0.58 | 0.13 |
| Barthel index (scores) | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.20 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.45 |
| Bedsore | ||||||||
| Yes (vs. no) | −0.09 | −1.15 | 0.97 | 0.86 | −0.58 | −2.76 | 1.61 | 0.60 |
| Denture use | ||||||||
| Yes (vs. no) | −0.26 | −0.96 | 0.45 | 0.47 | −1.02 | −2.36 | 0.32 | 0.14 |
| Feeding intake form | ||||||||
| Oral form | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Oral form plus tube feeding | 0.93 | −1.05 | 2.92 | 0.36 | 1.70 | −1.36 | 4.76 | 0.28 |
| Tube feeding | 0.82 | −1.93 | 3.57 | 0.56 | 5.21 | −1.71 | 12.14 | 0.14 |
| Dysphagia Severity Scale | ||||||||
| Dysphagia (vs. no dysphagia) | −0.17 | −1.32 | 0.98 | 0.78 | −0.76 | −2.02 | 0.50 | 0.24 |
| MNA-SF (scores) | 0.10 | −0.07 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 0.64 | 0.01 |
| Serum albumin level (g/dL) | −0.39 | −0.95 | 0.17 | 0.17 | −1.87 | −3.82 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Baseline QOL (scores) | 0.75 | 0.58 | 0.93 | < 0.001 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.76 | < 0.001 |
*Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, household status, marital status, economic status, visual acuity, hearing ability, communication, CCI, polypharmacy, independence scale of the disabled elderly, Barthel index, bedsore, denture use, feeding intake form, dysphagia severity, MNA-SF, serum albumin level, and baseline QOL