Figure 1. LGG Increases the Relative Frequency of Clostridia in the Gut, the Levels of Butyrate (But) in the Small Intestine and Serum, and the Number of BM and Splenic Treg Cells.

(A and B) Detailed relative abundance of bacterial taxa at the class level within fecal pellets collected from mice treated with LGG or vehicle control for 4 weeks. (legend continued on next page)

(C) Measurement of transcript levels of butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase in the luminal contents of the ileum in mice administered LGG or vehicle control for 4 weeks.

(D–G) Butyrate and propionate concentrations in small intestine tissue and serum of mice administered LGG or vehicle control for 4 weeks.

(H and I) Relative and absolute frequency of BM Treg cells.

(J and K) Relative and absolute frequency of splenic Treg cells.

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. All data were normally distributed according to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. n = 6–7 mice per group in (A) and (B); n = 9 mice per group in (C)–(G); n = 12–13 mice per group in (H)–(K). Data (B–G) were analyzed by unpaired t tests. All other data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and post hoc tests applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 compared to the indicated group. ns = not significant.