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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Phys Chem B. 2018 Jul 19;122(30):7484–7496. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04249

Figure 7:

Figure 7:

(A) The population kinetics for the cotranscriptional folding of the pbuE riboswitch under 5.8 pN pulling force and transcription speed 20 nt/s without adenine. There are 8 kinetically important states identified during the folding process, U (Black), C1 (Red), C2 (Blue), C3 (Dark Cyan), C4 (Magenta), C5 (Dark Yellow), C6 (Navy), and T (Wine). (B) The folding pathway inferred from the populational kinetics. The major folding pathway for the pbuE riboswitch under 5.8 pN pulling force and transcription speed 20 nt/s without adenine is U→C1→C3→C5 →C6→T with C2 and C4 as off-pathway kinetic intermediates (traps) connected to U and C3, respectively.