Table 1.
Characteristics of metformin never users and ever users in the unmatched original cohort and in the propensity, score matched cohort.
| Variable | Unmatched original cohort | Matched cohort | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never users | Ever users | Never users | Ever users | |||||||||
| (n=15676) | (n=147729) | P | SD | (n=15676) | (n=15676) | P | SD | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||
| Demographic data | ||||||||||||
| Age* (years) | 63.4±10.4 | 61.6±10.0 | <0.01 | -17.83 | 63.4±10.4 | 63.5±9.9 | 0.30 | 1.67 | ||||
| Sex (men) | 9009 | 57.47 | 80123 | 54.24 | <0.01 | -7.18 | 9009 | 57.47 | 8985 | 57.32 | 0.78 | -0.56 |
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| I | 6142 | 39.18 | 58066 | 39.31 | <0.01 | 6142 | 39.18 | 6084 | 38.81 | 0.92 | ||
| II | 3122 | 19.92 | 34112 | 23.09 | 8.28 | 3122 | 19.92 | 3153 | 20.11 | 0.51 | ||
| III | 3301 | 21.06 | 30600 | 20.71 | -0.65 | 3301 | 21.06 | 3316 | 21.15 | 0.45 | ||
| IV | 3111 | 19.85 | 24951 | 16.89 | -8.58 | 3111 | 19.85 | 3123 | 19.92 | 0.02 | ||
| Living region | ||||||||||||
| Taipei | 5211 | 33.24 | 46512 | 31.48 | <0.01 | 5211 | 33.24 | 5296 | 33.78 | 0.31 | ||
| Northern | 1586 | 10.12 | 16577 | 11.22 | 3.71 | 1586 | 10.12 | 1499 | 9.56 | -1.86 | ||
| Central | 2769 | 17.66 | 27115 | 18.35 | 1.88 | 2769 | 17.66 | 2691 | 17.17 | -1.27 | ||
| Southern | 2746 | 17.52 | 25098 | 16.99 | -1.49 | 2746 | 17.52 | 2780 | 17.73 | 0.65 | ||
| Kao-Ping and Eastern | 3364 | 21.46 | 32427 | 21.95 | 1.35 | 3364 | 21.46 | 3410 | 21.75 | 0.81 | ||
| Major comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 12804 | 81.68 | 120731 | 81.72 | 0.89 | 0.27 | 12804 | 81.68 | 12836 | 81.88 | 0.64 | 0.69 |
| Dyslipidemia | 11299 | 72.08 | 122549 | 82.96 | <0.01 | 28.63 | 11299 | 72.08 | 11290 | 72.02 | 0.91 | 0.26 |
| Obesity | 424 | 2.70 | 6676 | 4.52 | <0.01 | 9.96 | 424 | 2.70 | 389 | 2.48 | 0.21 | -1.29 |
| Nephropathy | 5356 | 34.17 | 40101 | 27.14 | <0.01 | -17.32 | 5356 | 34.17 | 5296 | 33.78 | 0.47 | -1.31 |
| Eye diseases | 2942 | 18.77 | 47803 | 32.36 | <0.01 | 31.61 | 2942 | 18.77 | 2662 | 16.98 | <0.01 | -4.94 |
| Stroke | 4996 | 31.87 | 42101 | 28.50 | <0.01 | -8.08 | 4996 | 31.87 | 4885 | 31.16 | 0.18 | -1.49 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 7384 | 47.10 | 67018 | 45.37 | <0.01 | -3.60 | 7384 | 47.10 | 7348 | 46.87 | 0.68 | -0.30 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 3550 | 22.65 | 37742 | 25.55 | <0.01 | 6.98 | 3550 | 22.65 | 3550 | 22.65 | 1.00 | -0.12 |
| Antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||||||
| Insulin | 1282 | 8.18 | 3452 | 2.34 | <0.01 | -29.90 | 1282 | 8.18 | 1048 | 6.69 | <0.01 | -6.59 |
| Sulfonylurea | 11468 | 73.16 | 107896 | 73.04 | 0.75 | 5.13 | 11468 | 73.16 | 11768 | 75.07 | <0.01 | 5.32 |
| Meglitinide | 1283 | 8.18 | 5767 | 3.90 | <0.01 | -19.17 | 1283 | 8.18 | 1259 | 8.03 | 0.62 | -0.50 |
| Acarbose | 1743 | 11.12 | 8088 | 5.47 | <0.01 | -20.10 | 1743 | 11.12 | 1697 | 10.83 | 0.41 | -1.42 |
| Rosiglitazone | 464 | 2.96 | 7388 | 5.00 | <0.01 | 10.94 | 464 | 2.96 | 467 | 2.98 | 0.92 | -0.06 |
| Pioglitazone | 387 | 2.47 | 3943 | 2.67 | 0.14 | -20.10 | 387 | 2.47 | 398 | 2.54 | 0.69 | -1.42 |
| Commonly encountered comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| COPD | 7675 | 48.96 | 71044 | 48.09 | 0.03 | -2.12 | 7675 | 48.96 | 7807 | 49.80 | 0.14 | 1.86 |
| Tobacco abuse | 442 | 2.82 | 5943 | 4.02 | <0.01 | 6.83 | 442 | 2.82 | 469 | 2.99 | 0.36 | 1.06 |
| Alcohol-related diagnoses | 1231 | 7.85 | 10490 | 7.10 | <0.01 | -4.16 | 1231 | 7.85 | 1087 | 6.93 | <0.01 | -3.77 |
| Head injury | 538 | 3.43 | 5524 | 3.74 | 0.05 | 1.44 | 538 | 3.43 | 523 | 3.34 | 0.64 | -0.63 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 504 | 3.22 |
3349 |
2.27 | <0.01 | -6.26 |
504 |
3.22 |
504 |
3.22 | 1.00 | 0.10 |
| Commonly used medications in diabetes patients | ||||||||||||
| ACEI/ARB | 10854 | 69.24 | 107911 | 73.05 | <0.01 | 8.81 | 10854 | 69.24 | 10879 | 69.40 | 0.76 | -0.30 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 9771 | 62.33 | 88083 | 59.62 | <0.01 | -5.62 | 9771 | 62.33 | 9767 | 62.31 | 0.96 | 0.41 |
| Statin | 8428 | 53.76 | 97358 | 65.90 | <0.01 | 26.59 | 8428 | 53.76 | 8300 | 52.95 | 0.15 | 0.06 |
| Fibrate | 5338 | 34.05 | 63817 | 43.20 | <0.01 | 20.06 | 5338 | 34.05 | 5170 | 32.98 | <0.05 | -1.41 |
| Aspirin | 8871 | 56.59 | 90400 | 61.19 | <0.01 | 9.87 | 8871 | 56.59 | 8797 | 56.12 | 0.40 | -2.07 |
*
Age is expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
SD: standardized difference.
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker.
Refer to “Materials and Methods” for the classification of occupation