Table 1:
NH Characteristics Included in Ordered Logit Models
| Variable | Coding | Data Source |
|---|---|---|
| For Profit | Yes/No | 2015 CASPER Survey |
| Bed Count | <80, 80–120, >120 | 2015 CASPER Survey |
| Occupancy Rate | Number of occupied beds/total number of beds Converted to 5 point increments regression model |
2015 CASPER Survey |
| Part of Chain | Yes/No | 2015 CASPER Survey |
| Religious Affiliation | Yes/No | 2015 CASPER Survey |
| Continuing Care Retirement Community |
Yes/No Yes indicates answered “Yes” to “Is your facility part of a Continuing Care Retirement Community?” or answered “No,” but indicated they have long- term care beds, assisted living residences, and independent living residences. |
2016/2017 NH CC Survey |
| Any Special Care Unit | Yes/No, Ventilator units not included | 2015 CASPER Survey |
| Directors of Nursing in Past Two Years |
One, Two, Three or More | 2016/2017 NH CC Survey |
| Administrators in Past Two Years |
One, Two, Three or More | 2016/2017 NH CC Survey |
| RN Hours per Resident Day |
Number of RN hours / number of residents in the facility Standardized in regression model |
2015 CASPER Survey |
| LPN Hours per Resident Day |
Number of LPN hours / number of residents in the facility Standardized in regression model |
2015 CASPER Survey |
| CNA Hours per Resident Day |
Number of RN hours / number of residents in the facility Standardized in regression model |
2015 CASPER Survey |
| State Pay for Performance |
No/Yes- without culture change measures/Yes with culture change measures |
MACPAC report and review of Medicaid websites |
| 2009 Medicaid Reimbursement Rate |
Dollars per resident day Converted to $10 increments in regression model |
2011 Medicaid Policy Survey |
| County Level Hirschman-Herfindahl Competition Index |
Based on # of NHs and beds in county; 0–1 (high to low); categorized into four quartiles in regression model |
2015 CASPER Survey |
| Located in a metropolitan county |
Yes/No | 2015 CASPER Survey |
| Census Sub-Region | 9 Sub-Regions: West North Central, West South Central, East North Central, East South Central, Middle Atlantic, Mountain New England, Pacific, South Atlantic |
2015 CASPER Survey |
| Percent of Residents who are Black |
Proportion, Categorized to lowest decile, below median, above median, top decile in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
| Percent of Residents who are Hispanic |
Proportion, Categorized to below median, above median, top decile in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
| Percent of Residents with Medicare |
Proportion with Medicare as primary payer, Categorized to lowest decile, below median, above median, top decile in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
| Percent of Residents with Medicaid |
Proportion with Medicaid as primary payer, Categorized to lowest decile, below median, above median, top decile in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
| Average Age of Residents |
Years | 2015 LTCfocus |
| Average RUGS NCMI (Prevalence) |
Average Resource Utilization Group Nursing Case Mix Index for all residents in the facility on the 1st Thursday in April Standardized in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
| Average Activities of Daily Living Score (Prevalence) |
Average Activities of Daily Living Score for all residents in the facility on the 1st Thursday in April Standardized in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
| Percent of Residents with High Cognitive Function Score (Prevalence) |
Percent of residents in the facility on the 1st Thursday in April with a cognitive function score of 4 (severe cognitive impairment) Converted to 10 percentage point increments in regression model |
2015 LTCfocus |
1. RN = Registered Nursing, LPN = Licensed Practical Nurse, CNA = Certified Nursing Assistant