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. 2019 Jan 18;6:379. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00379

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Copyright © 2019 Counte, Howard, Chang and Aaronson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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P4P as Percentage of Base Payments. Adapted from Cashin et al. (8). In all cases presented, P4P was in the form of bonus payments or withhold models. None in the form of penalties. German P4P system pays a flat rate. Maryland USA system pays a variable amount not determined. Both were omitted from this Figure.