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. 2019 Jan 24;9:472. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36778-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rabbit critical-sized calvarial bone defect model. (a) The defects were created with a trephine bur (diameter, 8 mm) using continuous saline irrigation at the surgical site. (b) Four defects of 8mm-diameter were created on the parietal bone of rabbits. (c) Grafts were implanted randomly into the defects. (1) PEKK + SF (PEKK scaffold seeded with hSF-MSCs), (2) PEKK + OS (PEKK scaffold seeded with osteogenically-induced hSF-MSCs), (3) PEKK (scaffold only; no human cells), (4) Control (bone defect with no implant). (d) CT scan image of rabbit calvaria taken immediately after surgery. (e,f) Macroscopic appearance of the rabbit calvaria at 4 and 12 weeks post-surgery, respectively. (g,h) 3D reconstruction of micro-CT images of the rabbit calvaria explanted at 4 and 12 weeks post-surgery, respectively. The order and orientation of the implants were the same as the ones shown in panel c.