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. 2019 Jan 24;9:487. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37422-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcriptional responses of 64 ARGs to the treatment with antibiotic cocktail (AC) and constitutive function of the ARGs to endure antibiotic stresses. (A) The mRNA transcript of each of the 64 genes was calculated before and after AC treatment in each MDR strain and the ratio of their average values is represented as a color-coded square. Red and blue squares indicate >2-fold increase or >2-fold decrease in expression upon AC treatment, respectively. The genes with fold changes between 0.5 and 2 are shown in black squares. The names of the representative genes were taken from the strain Y82 that has the largest genome among the MDR strains. Among the MDR strains (Y71, Y82, and Y89), 64 ARGs presented homology of more than 90%. (B) Potential working models by which ARGs respond to antibiotic stresses. Pacman shapes represent the expressions of ARGs, and fan shapes represent various antibiotics. The thick cell wall means that the ARG-expressing bacterial cell is ready to withstand antibiotic stresses.