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. 2019 Jan 24;9:568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37071-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HCV or HIV replication in MLH co-culture changed the morphological and invasive phenotypes of LX-2 cells. (A) Schematic of trans-well system separating LX-2 cells from Huh-7 and Mφ (top). Morphological characteristics of CFSE-labeled LX2 cells following MLH co-culture with or without HIV and HCV for 24 hr (bottom). (B) Schematic of LX2 cell invasion assay (top). Hoechst stained LX-2 cells detected at the bottom of trans-well insert following their migration (bottom left). The numbers of migrated LX-2 cells in three independent MLH co-cultures (bottom right). Asterisks indicate statistically significant difference measured by one-way ANOVA: ****p < 0.00005; ***p < 0.0005; ns, not significant.