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. 2019 Jan 24;9:568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37071-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mixed morphological changes in LX-2 cells induced by HCV/HIV co-infection of MLH co-cultures. (A) Proliferation of CFSE-labeled LX-2 cells during mono-culture and MLH co-culture during 7 day culture period determined by using flow cytometry. Day 0 (d0) indicates the time for initiating LX-2(CFSE) culture individually or under the condition of MLH co-culture, and the CFSE levels in LX2/d0 and MLH/d0 (data not shown) are same. (B) Effects of HCV and/or HIV replication in MLH co-culture on CFSE-labeled LX-2 cell proliferation determined by using FACS at day 7 of MLH co-culture. Results are from three independent experiments. (C) Morphology of LX-2 cells under MLH co-culture observed at day 7 by using a fluorescence and phase-contrast microscope. (C) LX-2 cell morphology under MLH co-culture at day 7 detected using a fluorescent and phase-contrast microscope.