Table 2.
Summary statistics of the prevalence of active tobacco smoking in people with diabetes mellitus in Africa.
| Prevalence % (95% confidence interval) | N Studies | N Participants | H (95% confidence interval) | I² (95% confidence interval) | p heterogeneity | p Egger | p difference subgroups | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 12.9 (9.6–16.6) | 42 | 18564 | 6.7 (6.1–7.1) | 97.7 (97.3–98.0) | <0.0001 | 0.372 | |
| By sex | ||||||||
| Male | 18.6 (9.7–29.6) | 6 | 1130 | 4.0 (3.0–5.3) | 93.6 (88.8–96.4) | <0.0001 | 0.752 | 0.0006 |
| Female | 2.1 (0.0–6.5) | 6 | 1470 | 3.6 (2.7–4.9) | 92.3 (86.0–95.8) | <0.0001 | 0.049 | |
| By region | ||||||||
| Northern Africa | 21.3 (14.5–29.0) | 11 | 3250 | 4.8 (4.0–5.8) | 95.7 (93.9–97.0) | <0.0001 | 0.671 | 0.006 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 10.3 (6.8–14.3) | 31 | 15314 | 7.0 (6.5–7.6) | 98.0 (97.6–98.3) | <0.0001 | 0.194 | |
| By sub-region | ||||||||
| Northern Africa | 21.3 (14.5–29.0) | 11 | 3250 | 4.8 (4.0–5.8) | 95.7 (93.9–97.0) | <0.0001 | 0.671 | 0.021 |
| Southern Africa | 16.8 (8.427.3) | 6 | 7203 | 7.6 (6.3–9.2) | 98.3 (97.5–98.8) | <0.0001 | 0.958 | |
| Central Africa | 15.0 (0.9–40.6) | 4 | 987 | 9.0 (7.3–11.2) | 98.8 (98.1–99.2) | <0.0001 | 0.065 | |
| Western Africa | 7.7 (3.5–13.3) | 8 | 1141 | 2.8 (2.1–3.8) | 87.6 (77.8–93.1) | <0.0001 | 0.232 | |
| Eastern Africa | 7.3 (1.8–15.8) | 11 | 4607 | 8.5 (7.5–9.6) | 98.6 (98.2–98.9) | <0.0001 | 0.612 | |
| By area | ||||||||
| Urban | 11.7 (7.7–16.3) | 24 | 7010 | 5.4 (4.8–6.0) | 96.5 (95.7–97.2) | <0.0001 | 0.570 | 0.191 |
| Rural | 3.8 (0.0–16.0) | 3 | 520 | 4.1 (2.7–6.3) | 94.0 (85.8–97.4) | <0.0001 | 0.090 | |
| Setting | ||||||||
| Population-based | 6.6 (2.5–12.3) | 7 | 1989 | 3.3 (2.5–4.4) | 91.0 (84.0–94.9) | <0.0001 | 0.029 | 0.032 |
| Hospital-based | 14.3 (10.5–18.6) | 35 | 16575 | 7.0 (6.5–7.6) | 98.0 (97.6–98.3) | <0.0001 | 0.669 | |