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. 2019 Jan 24;9:558. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37310-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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B-mode US images of the placental environment, (a,e), in NP, (a–d), and the RUPP, (e–h), at GD 16. (b,f) show the Color Doppler ultrasound of blood flow the umbilical cord. The yellow arrow indicates the origin of the umbilical cord on the placenta which was used as a landmark for determining the imaging field. (c,g), show the accumulation of the photoacoustic signal intensity at 808 nm segmented to the placental. At the isosbestic point, the photoacoustic signal is generated equally by both Hb and Hb_O2. The custom colormap of oxygen saturation, segmented to the placenta and superimposed on the ultrasound image, is shown in (d,h). Red denotes completely oxygenated blood while blue denotes completely deoxygenated blood. Scale bars are 3 mm.