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. 2019 Jan 24;9:532. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36423-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The left side figures present the electron beam longitudinal phase-space distribution overlaying the stable phase-space area due the accelerating potential. The shaded area in the (η, θ) plots signifies this stable phase-space that is captured and subsequently accelerated. The electron spectrometer images and lineouts, in the right side figures, show the significant increase in capture efficiency when the pre-buncher is employed to load the initial electron beam distribution centered at − π/4 phase of the ponderomotive potential.