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. 2019 Jan 24;9:673. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36917-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SNAIL is required for TGF-β1-induced cell motility in Müller glial cells. (A–E) Control siRNA-treated (Ctrl-siRNA) and SNAI1-knockdown (siRNA-1 and -2) Müller glial cells were stimulated with or without TGF-β1 at 10 ng/ml. (A,B) Cell migration assay. Representative images of cells stained with calcein AM. (A) The signal intensity of stained cells having migrated within the detection zones (white dotted circles) after 48 hours was measured (B). n = 7–10 per group. Scale bar = 500 μm. (C,D) Cell invasion assay. Representative images of cells stained with Toluidine Blue O (C). The number of stained cells having invaded on the bottom side of Matrigel-coated filter after 24 hours was counted (D). n = 3 per group. Scale bar = 100 μm. (E) Cell proliferation assay. The optical density for BrdU incorporation after 24 hours was measured. n = 8 per group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.