. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 25.

Published in final edited form as: J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;65(3):1041–1050. doi: 10.3233/JAD-180119

Table 2.

Psychological Distress and Self-Beliefs and Risk of Incident Dementia

Construct	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4

Anxiety	1.26 (1.15–1.37)^*	1.19 (1.08–1.32)^*	1.16 (1.05–1.29)^*	1.16 (1.04–1.28)^*
Negative Affect	1.30 (1.18–1.43)^*	1.20 (1.06–1.36)^*	1.17 (1.03–1.32)	1.17 (1.03–1.33)
Hostility	1.22 (1.10–1.35)^*	1.19 (1.07–1.32)^*	1.19 (1.08–1.32)^*	1.18 (1.06–1.32)^*
Anger In	1.03 (.93–1.14)	.96 (.87–1.07)	.95 (.86–1.06)	.94 (.84–1.05)
Anger Out	1.12 (1.02–1.23)	1.08 (.98–1.19)	1.08 (.98–1.19)	1.08 (.97–1.02)
Pessimism	1.34 (1.22–1.48)^*	1.29 (1.17–1.43)^*	1.28 (1.16–1.42)^*	1.28 (1.16–1.42)^*
Hopelessness	1.32 (1.21–1.44)^*	1.26 (1.15–1.39)^*	1.25 (1.14–1.38)^*	1.24 (1.12–1.36)^*
Perceived constraints	1.30 (1.19–1.41)^*	1.23 (1.12–1.35)^*	1.21 (1.10–1.34)^*	1.22 (1.11–1.34)^*

Note. N=9913. Incident dementia=397. Coefficients are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) from Cox regression. Model 1 controls for demographic characteristics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, education). Model 2 controls for Model 1 covariates and depressive symptoms. Model 3 control for Model 2 covariates and history of a diagnosis of an emotional or mental disorder. Model 4 controls for Model 3 covariates and the clinical and behavioral risk factors.

p<.01.