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. 2018 Mar 1;555(7694):48–53. doi: 10.1038/nature25761

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Modelling regions were defined as the five GBD regions of Central (central sub-Saharan Africa), East (eastern sub-Saharan Africa), North (North Africa and the Middle East), South (Southern sub-Saharan Africa) and West Africa (Western sub-Saharan Africa)54. As this study was limited to mainland Africa and African island nations, select countries were excluded from the North Africa and Middle East region (Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen). Western Sahara was included as part of the North region. Several countries were moved to East (Lesotho and Swaziland from South, Sudan from North) to make high-income status more similar in the North and South regions.