Table 1.
Measures of Potential Mechanisms of Fatigue Used in Studies of Cancer and Five Other Noninfectious Chronic Diseases—Heart Failure (HF), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
| Study | Mechanism Measure (Disease) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | HPA Axis Function | Autonomic Nervous System Function | |
| Alexander et al. (2009) | CRP (cancer), IL-1β (cancer) | ||
| Al-Shair et al. (2011) | CRP (COPD), IL-6 (COPD), TNF-α (COPD) | ||
| Bergman et al. (2009) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Bossola et al. (2015) | IL-6 (CKD) | ||
| Bower et al. (2005) | Cortisol (cancer) | ||
| Bower et al. (2009) | CRP (cancer), IL-1β (cancer) | ||
| Bower et al. (2011) | TNFR2 (cancer) | ||
| Bower (2014) | IL-6 (cancer) | ||
| Bunevicius et al. (2012) | Cortisol (HF) | ||
| Davis et al. (2008) | IL-6 (RA) | ||
| Druce et al. (2016) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Druce, Jones, MacFarlane, and Basu (2015a) | CRP (RA), DAS28 (RA), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (RA) | ||
| Druce, Jones, MacFarlane, and Basu (2015b) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Druce, Jones, Macfarlane, Verstappen, et al. (2015) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Fagundes et al. (2011) | HRV (cancer), norepinephrine (cancer) | ||
| Feldthusen et al. (2016) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Fink et al. (2012) | CRP (cancer, HF), IL-6 (cancer, HF), IL-10 (HF), and TNF-α (cancer, HF) | ||
| Fujii et al. (2013) | HRV (CKD) | ||
| Giovannoni, Thompson, Miller, and Thompson (2001) | CRP (MS), sICAM-1 (MS), and urinary neopterin excretion (MS) | ||
| Goebel et al. (2005) | IFNγ (MS), IL-10 (MS), and TNF-α (MS) | ||
| Gold et al. (2011) | CD8+ T cells (MS) | Cortisol (MS) | |
| Heesen et al. (2006) | IFNγ (MS), TNF-α | ||
| Keselbrener et al. (2000) | Fluctuations in HR, BP, blood flow supine, and standing (MS) | ||
| Kumar et al. (2007) | IL-6 (HF), IL-10 (HF), and TNF-α (HF) | ||
| Lee et al. (2014) | CRP (RA) | ||
| Lennie et al. (2013) | IL-10 (HF), sTNFR1 and 2 (HF), TNF-α (HF) | ||
| Liu et al. (2012) | IL-6 (cancer) | ||
| Lutgendorf et al. (2008) | IL-6 (cancer) | ||
| Merkelbach, Dillmann, Kolmel, Holz, and Muller (2001) | Battery of testsa (MS) | ||
| Powell et al. (2015) | Cortisol (MS) | ||
| Repping-Wuts et al. (2007) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Ryan et al. (2007) | IL-6 (cancer), TNF-α (cancer) | ||
| Saligan et al. (2015) | IL-6 (cancer), TNF-α (cancer) | ||
| Schuetz et al. (2015) | Cortisol (COPD) | ||
| Treharne et al. (2008) | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (RA) | ||
| Van Hoogmoed et al. (2010) | DAS28 (RA) | ||
| Wang et al. (2010) | IL-6 (cancer) | ||
| Weinrib et al. (2010) | Cortisol (cancer) | ||
Note. BP = blood pressure; CD = cluster of differentiation; CRP = C-reactive protein; DAS28 = disease activity score in 28 joints; HPA = hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; HR = heart rate; HRV = heart rate variability; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; sICAM = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; sTNFR = soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; TNFR = tumor necrosis factor receptor.
aBattery of tests included postural changes, pressure tests, the Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing, and hyperventilation.