Table 2. Clinical and laboratory findings and their association with death in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Kosovo, 2013–2016*.
| Finding | OR for death if present (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical findings significantly associated with death | ||
| Coma | 35.0 (3.32–369) | 0.003 |
| Somnolence | 27.0 (3.80–192) | 0.001 |
| Fasciculations† | NA (25.2 [2.45–259]) | NA (0.007) |
| Hemoperitoneum | 16.6 (2.47–112) | 0.004 |
| Hematemesis | 11.4 (1.74–74.7) | 0.011 |
| Bleeding gums | 11.3 (2.04–63.1) | 0.006 |
| Ecchymoses | 7.31 (1.25–42.8) | 0.027 |
| Melena | 7.20 (1.31–39.6) | 0.023 |
| Petechiae | 6.67 (1.31–34.0) | 0.023 |
| >4 of the 5 previous findings | 24.0 (2.33–247) | 0.008 |
| Diarrhea | 7.20 (1.31–39.6) | 0.023 |
| Jaundice† |
NA (7.87 [0.71–87.3]) |
NA (0.093) |
| Clinical findings not significantly associated with death | ||
| Vertigo | 5.00 (0.53–47.3) | 0.160 |
| Female sex | 3.56 (0.50–25.6) | 0.206 |
| Epistaxis | 2.08 (0.46–9.51) | 0.343 |
| Sweats | 2.00 (0.11–35.4) | 0.636 |
| Joint pain | 1.92 (0.43–8.61) | 0.391 |
| Headache | 1.31 (0.29–5.89) | 0.723 |
| Conjunctivitis | 1.31 (0.29–5.89) | 0.723 |
| Abdominal pain | 1.20 (0.23–6.34) | 0.830 |
| Tiredness | 1.05 (0.08–13.1) | 0.968 |
| Bradycardia | 1.05 (0.08–13.1) | 0.968 |
| Metrorrhagia | 0.95 (0.08–11.1) | 0.968 |
| Hypotension | 0.87 (0.19–4.03) | 0.864 |
| Muscular pain | 0.75 (0.11–5.32) | 0.774 |
| Vomiting | 0.52 (0.12–2.32) | 0.391 |
| Hyperemia | 0.42 (0.09–1.86) | 0.251 |
| Anorexia | 0.28 (0.04–2.01) | 0.206 |
| Nausea | 0.25 (0.03–2.40) | 0.230 |
| Hiccup† | NA (4.67 [0.37–58.3]) | NA (0.232) |
| Hypertension† | NA (2.10 [0.12–37.1]) | NA (0.613) |
| Ribavirin not given |
1.059 (0.162–6.94) |
0.952 |
| Laboratory findings significantly associated with death | ||
| VL >1 × 108.5 | 80.0 (6.3–1,011) | 0.001 |
| LDH >3,500 U/L† | NA (26.7 [2.24–317]) | NA (0.009) |
| LDH >2,700 U/L | 37.5 (2.77–507) | 0.006 |
| Leukocytes >7.7 | 15.8 (1.53–164) | 0.020 |
| Leukocytes >8.0† | NA (16.7 [1.62–172]) | NA (0.018) |
| Platelets <50.000/µL |
5.25 (1.07–25.8) |
0.041 |
| Laboratory findings not significantly associated with death | ||
| ALT >168 U/L | 3.20 (0.48–21.2) | 0.228 |
| AST >147 U/L | 2.75 (0.52–14.4) | 0.232 |
| CK >1,037 | 1.95 (0.44–8.55) | 0.376 |
| IgG <2.5‡ | NA (4.67 [0.45–48.3]) | NA (0.196) |
| IgM <2.5‡ | NA (4.67 [0.45–48.3]) | NA (0.196) |
*ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; VL, viral load. †The OR could not be determined because there were no survivors with this symptom. The value in parentheses would have been obtained if 1 hypothetical survivor had this symptom or test result. ‡The OR could not be determined because there were no deaths among patients with this finding. The value in parentheses would have been obtained if 1 hypothetical fatal case had this test result.