Table 1. Patient characteristics and outcomes of patients with melioidosis, southern India, 2008–2014*.
| Characteristic | All patients, N = 114 | Acute melioidosis, n = 41 | Chronic melioidosis, n = 73 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean + SD | 45.6 + 12.1 | 46 + 12.6 | 45.3 + 11.9 |
| Sex, no., M/F |
105/9 |
38/3 |
67/6 |
| Comorbid conditions, no. (%) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 93 (81.6) | 36 (87.8) | 57 (78.1) |
| Harmful ethanol use | 16 (14) | 10 (24.4) | 6 (8.5) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (3.5) | 2 (4.9) | 2 (2.8) |
| Sickle cell disease | 3 (2.6) | 0 | 3 (4.2) |
| No risk factors |
15 (13.2) |
3 (7.3) |
12 (16.4) |
| Duration of symptoms, d, median (IQR) |
60 (30–90) |
20 (7–30) |
90 (60–210) |
| Clinical symptoms, no. (%) | |||
| Fever | 105 (97.2) | 41 (100) | 64 (95.5) |
| Cough | 17 (15.5) | 9 (21.9) | 8 (11.7) |
| Abdominal pain | 38 (34.8) | 10 (24.3) | 28 (41.1) |
| Joint pain | 27 (24.7) | 10 (24.3) | 17 (25) |
| Breathlessness |
16 (14.6) |
11 (26.8) |
5 (7.3) |
| Clinical signs, no. (%) | |||
| Tachypnea, reference >24/min | 24 (21.2) | 14 (34.1) | 10 (13.9) |
| Tachycardia, reference >100/min | 33 (29.2) | 20 (48.8) | 13 (18.1) |
| Hypotension, reference <90/60 mm Hg |
11 (9.7) |
6 (14.6) |
5 (6.9) |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean + SD | 10.2 + 2.3 | 11.3 + 2.5 | 9.6 + 2 |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109 cells/L, median (IQR) | 10.5 (7.7–15.4) | 14.6 (11.1–19.4) | 9 (6.8–12.2) |
| Platelet count, x 109/L, median (IQR) | 165 (107–272) | 177 (115–264) | 158 (102–280) |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 0.7 (0.5–1.4) | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
| Total protein, g/dL, mean + SD | 7.2 + 1 | 6.7 + 0.8 | 7.5 + 1 |
| Albumin, g/dL, mean + SD | 2.9 + 0.8 | 2.6 + 0.7 | 3.1 + 0.7 |
| AST, IU/mL, median (IQR) | 42 (25–85) | 48 (26–128) | 36 (24–83) |
| ALT, IU/mL, median (IQR) | 29 (15–60) | 28 (13–99) | 30 (15–56) |
| ALP, IU/mL, median (IQR) | 148 (85–249) | 157 (102–239) | 137 (83–276) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1 (0.8–1.2) |
| Hemoglobin A1C, %, mean + SD | 9.7 + 2.6 | 11.1 + 2.9 | 8.9 + 2 |
| CRP, mg/L, mean + SD |
96.6 + 64.3 |
152.7 + 57.2 |
77.4 + 55.2 |
| Organ involvement | |||
| Lung | 28 (24.5) | 16 (39) | 12 (16.4) |
| Bacteremia | 63 (55.2) | 33 (80.4) | 30 (41) |
| Spleen | 49 (42.9) | 12 (29.2) | 37 (50.6) |
| Liver | 25 (21.9) | 9 (21.9) | 16 (21.9) |
| Genitourinary | 16 (14) | 2 (4.8) | 14 (19.1) |
| Septic arthritis | 22 (19.2) | 9 (21.9) | 13 (17.8) |
| Osteomyelitis | 12 (10.5) | 3 (7.3) | 9 (12.3) |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue | 15 (13.1) | 7 (17) | 8 (10.9) |
| Parotid | 2 (1.7) | 2 (4.8) | 0 |
| Central nervous system |
3 (2.6) |
2 (4.8) |
1 (1.3) |
| Sequential organ failure assessment score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–6) | 1 (0–3) |
| ICU admission, no. (%) | 25 (21.9) | 15 (36.6) | 10 (13.7) |
| Mechanical ventilation, no. (%) | 21 (18.4) | 13 (31.7) | 8 (11) |
| Duration of hospitalization, days, median (IQR) | 16.5 (9–24) | 18 (8.5–30.5) | 16 (10–21.5) |
| Case-fatality rate, no. (%) | 17 (14.9) | 7 (17.1) | 10 (13.7) |
*ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range.