Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios for participants’ health-related outcomesa
| Perceived good health status | Became healthier since coming to China | Ever had health problems in China | Had medical insurance in China | Perceived health services in China as good | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORm | (95% CI) | ORm | (95% CI) | ORm | (95% CI) | ORm | (95% CI) | ORm | (95% CI) | |
| Countries by income levels | ||||||||||
| LICs | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| MICs | 0.55 | (0.29, 1.04) | 0.81 | (0.54, 1.22) | 2.20 | (1.25, 3.85)** | 1.12 | (0.75, 1.67) | 0.83 | (0.60, 1.16) |
| HICs | 0.41 | (0.21, 0.80)** | 0.33 | (0.19, 0.56)*** | 3.53 | (1.93, 6.44)*** | 2.63 | (1.67, 4.15)*** | 0.29 | (0.19, 0.43)*** |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||||
| Gender | – | – | – | |||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Female | 0.52 | (0.33, 0.81)** | 1.44 | (0.99, 2.09)+ | ||||||
| Age (years) | – | – | ||||||||
| 18–25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| 26–35 | 1.01 | (0.64, 1.59) | 0.89 | (0.57, 1.40) | 0.74 | (0.50, 1.1) | ||||
| > 35 | 1.25 | (0.72, 2.15) | 0.67 | (0.38, 1.20) | 1.20 | (0.74, 1.95) | ||||
| Education level | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Junior high or below | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Senior high school | 1.74 | (0.77, 3.89) | ||||||||
| College or above | 2.75 | (1.32, 5.72)** | ||||||||
| Current marital status | – | – | ||||||||
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Cohabitation | 0.68 | (0.33, 1.40) | 1.95 | (1.06, 3.61)* | 2.57 | (1.49, 4.43)** | ||||
| Single | 0.76 | (0.51, 1.14) | 1.52 | (0.99, 2.33)+ | 1.44 | (1.00, 2.07) | ||||
| Migration-related characteristics | ||||||||||
| Visa type | – | – | – | |||||||
| Tourist visa | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Business visa | 1.80 | (0.98, 3.28) | 1.16 | (0.69, 1.94) | ||||||
| Work visa | 1.43 | (0.80, 2.57) | 2.37 | (1.45, 3.88)** | ||||||
| Student visa | 1.26 | (0.67, 2.38) | 3.57 | (2.06, 6.19)*** | ||||||
| Others | 1.71 | (0.86, 3.43) | 1.97 | (1.09, 3.56)* | ||||||
| Number of visits to China | – | – | – | |||||||
| Once | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 2–5 times | 1.26 | (0.79, 2.02) | 0.83 | (0.60, 1.16) | ||||||
| 6–10 times | 1.40 | (0.77, 2.55) | 0.81 | (0.52, 1.26) | ||||||
| > 10 times | 1.65 | (0.96, 2.81) | 0.81 | (0.56, 1.15) | ||||||
| Number of cumulative months of stay in China | – | |||||||||
| 0–6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 7–12 | 1.12 | (0.55, 2.30) | 1.58 | (0.96, 2.59) | 1.21 | (0.72, 2.03) | 0.89 | (0.56, 1.42) | ||
| 13–60 | 1.01 | (0.56, 1.85) | 1.21 | (0.77, 1.91) | 1.22 | (0.76, 1.94) | 1.41 | (0.95, 2.09) | ||
| 61≤ | 0.45 | (0.25, 0.79)** | 1.02 | (0.58, 1.77) | 1.62 | (0.95, 2.75) | 1.07 | (0.65, 1.75) | ||
| Social integration in China | ||||||||||
| Had a Chinese name | – | |||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 0.76 | (0.54, 1.08) | 1.15 | (0.78, 1.70) | 1.15 | (0.82, 1.62) | 0.83 | (0.63, 1.11) | ||
| Had education experience in China | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Yes | 1.08 | (0.74, 1.58) | ||||||||
| Proficiency in Mandarin | – | – | ||||||||
| Know nothing | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Know little | 1.24 | (0.72, 2.13) | 0.94 | (0.62, 1.42) | 0.94 | (0.66, 1.35) | ||||
| Fair (can deal with daily life) | 1.75 | (0.96, 3.18) | 0.91 | (0.56, 1.48) | 1.02 | (0.67, 1.55) | ||||
| Fluent | 1.76 | (0.88, 3.51) | 0.66 | (0.37, 1.17) | 0.60 | (0.36, 1.00) | ||||
| Proficiency in English | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Know nothing | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Know little | 2.48 | (0.98, 6.26) | ||||||||
| Fair (can deal with daily life) | 3.66 | (1.51, 8.89)** | ||||||||
| Fluent | 5.27 | (2.22, 12.48)*** | ||||||||
| Social network in China | ||||||||||
| Number of Chinese acquaintances one knew in Guangzhou | ||||||||||
| 0–10 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |||||
| 11–50 | 1.70 | (1.04, 2.78)* | 1.04 | (0.69, 1.56) | 1.35 | (0.96, 1.89) | ||||
| 51≤ | 1.68 | (1.03, 2.74)* | 1.18 | (0.78, 1.79) | 1.32 | (0.93, 1.88) | ||||
| Participation in hometown associations/the Chamber of Commerce in Guangzhou | ||||||||||
| No | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |||||
| Yes | 1.68 | (1.14, 2.49)** | 1.24 | (0.82, 1.89) | 1.66 | (1.14, 2.41)** | ||||
a: Variables that were non-significant in univariate logistic regression models of all outcome variables were not listed in the table, namely currently has a job in China, number of years since the first visit to China, and number of fellow townsmen one knew in Guangzhou
--: Variables that were non-significant in univariate logistic regression models. +: p < 0.1; *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with p < 0.05 are presented in bold